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The article provides a comparative analysis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms regarding ensuring the observance of legal status of citizens and other social subjects. The same is done with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as well as the Venice Commission Report on the Rule of Law. Special attention has been drawn to the fact that the result of analysis focused on fundamental international documents on the protection of human rights and the Report of the Venice Commission can be used during development of certain powers of the President of Ukraine, the prosecution office and the whole system of anti-criminal agencies regarding effective, rational and qualitative perception, recognition, ensuring and observance of legal status of social subjects, operative prevention of its violation and a full restoration of violated legal status "whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law" as stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. And this precaution established in the preamble of the Universal Declaration should be basis for international and national regulation of effective, rational and qualitative perception, recognition, ensuring and observance of legal status of individuals and social subjects and a full restoration of violated legal status. This approach is supported by scientific school of Professor Alankir to solve the major current problems.

Auseinandersetzung mit dem rechtlichen Status von Ausländern aus ECOWAS-Ländern in Nigeria vor dem Hintergrund des ECOWAS-Protokolls über Bewegungsfreiheit

Legal status of the Russian citizen is a debatable issue in legal science to this date. Legal science covers such aspects as elements of the legal status, its types, the correlation between the concepts of "legal status" and "legal standing" of the individual. The legal status of citizens abroad, which is one of the least studied issues, should be emphasized. The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees protection and defence. In the era of globalization, citizens keep travelling vigorously despite epidemic risks. That's why studying the nature of the characteristics of their legal status has both theoretical and practical implications. Such factors as conflict of geopolitical interests, instability of international relations, efforts by the West to subdue Russia make protection of the citizens abroad relevant more than ever. The purpose of the study is to identify the characteristics of the status of the citizen abroad, taking into account a broad approach towards the term "legal status". The subject of the study is a legal status of the Russian citizens abroad with the use of formal juridical and systematic analysis. Sources of the study are normative legal acts of various branches of the Russian law, which regulate legal standing of the citizens, as well as international agreements, which guarantee protection and defence of the Russian citizens abroad. As result of the study, conclusions about elements and characteristics of the legal status of the Russian citizens abroad are made.

The article deals with comparative research of constitutional basics of Great Britain, USA, Germany, France and Japan regarding ensuring of observance and restoration of citizens' legal status. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China describes the powers of various governmental agencies in charge of ensuring and restoration of citizens' legal status through description of various forms of people power, but the Constitution does not cover the function of constitutional oversight. The Constitutional laws of Great Britain has vague and complicated provisions on the exercise of powers by governmental agencies regarding ensuring, observance and restoration of legal status of citizens. Constitutions of other leading states do not mention the powers of governmental agencies regarding ensuring, observance and restoration of legal status of citizens. The Main Law of Germany stipulates the system of highest and other courts but does not mention the Constitutional Court and its functions which most probably and fulfilled by the Federal Administrative Court. Attention has been drawn to the ban of outrages laws by the Constitution of the United States of 1787 and formal declaration of all public officials as people's servants by the Constitution of Japan. But people of this country should constantly support their rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution and the Supreme Court whose attribute is the prosecution office. The duty to control observance of legal status of citizens by the Defenders of Rights whose function are similar to the oversight powers of the prosecution office has been underlined in the Constitution of France.

The article investigates comparative legal analysis of constitutional basics regarding perception, recognition, ensuring and observance of individuals' legal status in some Post-Soviet Union countries like Lithuania, Estonia, and others. A wide list of individuals' legal status named in the Main Law of Russia and other Post-Soviet Union countries as the highest social values has been criticized. Attention has been drawn to the fact that constitutions of the Russian Federation, Tadzhikistan and Uzbekistan have the most developed provisions on the legal status of individuals among Post-Soviet Union countries. The main laws of Latvia and Estonia have more declaratory provisions. There is a positive tendency to vest Estonian State Court with the function of constitutional supervision when Turkmen legislators do not even focus on this problem. The authors support the idea of having the Supreme Court with constitutional, anti-criminal, administrative, labor, civil and commercial chambers. This system should be represented at regional courts and local courts should be specialized. It has been underlined that there were numerous violations based on corruption and lack of professionalism during two stages of contest to the cassation court and anti-corruption court of 07.11.2016 and 02.08.2018. As a result, "judges" of these courts did not acquire legitimacy and guarantees of judicial activity. Following this the President of Ukraine should cancel the results of the contest by his order and initiate a re-contest and not re-attestation which is initiated by the party "People's Servant" empowering the same corrupt officials and non-professionals.

The study conducted an analysis of the concept of public control over the observance of the rights of convicted persons in the field of enforcement of sentences and parole. On the basis of the use of general methods and reflective points of view, the definition of public control over the observance of the rights of convicted persons was formulated. In addition, the use of separate special scientific methods provides arguments for the expediency of making changes in the Criminal Executive Code of Ukraine, by enshrining in it a separate chapter that would regulate legal relations in the sphere of public control and on the sphere of observance of the rights and interests of convicted persons in places of punishment; as well as a separate article that would define the content, forms and types of public control over the functioning of bodies and institutions of execution of punishment and probation. It was concluded on the necessity of observance of the rights and legitimate interests of a person in the sphere of execution of punishment and probation, since, by their nature, they do not belong to public associations.

Estreicher, Samuel: Arab citizens of Israel: the challenge for Israel and its critics. - S. 673-676 Eyal, Benvenisti ; Shaham, Dahlia: Facially neutral discrimination and the Israeli Supreme Court. - S. 677-716 Cohen-Eliya, Moshe: Discrimination against Arabs in Israel in public accommodations. - S. 717-748 Coursen-Neff, Zama: Discrimination against Palestinian Arab children in the Israeli educational system. - S. 749-816 Margalioth, Yoram: Demographics and other culture-based preferences versus discrimination. - S. 817-844 Margalioth, Sharon Rabin: Labor market diccrimination against Arab Israeli citizens: can something be done? - S. 845-884 Saban, Ilan: Minority rights in deeply divides societies: a framework for analysis and the case of the Arab-Palestinian minority in Israel. - S. 885-1003 Zakheim, Roger I.: Israel in the human rights era: finding a moral justification for the Jewish state. - S. 1005-1032

This paper considers the place of children within liberal-democratic society and its related political morality. The genesis of the paper is two considerations which are in tension with one another. First, that there must be some point at which children are divided from adults, with children denied the rights which go along with full membership of the liberal community. The justification for the difference in the statue between these two groups must be rooted in some notion of capacities, since these are the only relevant differences between adults and children. Second, that linking an individual's capacities to her status undermines the central liberal commitment of political equality. This dilemma explains what I term the threshold view, which holds that children become adult citizens upon reaching an age of competence and that above this level differences in abilities cease to matter to an individual's status. While this view has attractions, this paper argues that this view must eventually be rejected because of its inability to deal with the actual process of human development. In its place, the paper proposes a modification to this view which sees the threshold constrained by moral demands and applied indirectly to age groups rather than individuals. These constraints preserve the commitment to equality in a way consistent with a plausible view of children's place in society.

This paper considers the place of children within liberal-democratic society and its related political morality. The genesis of the paper is two considerations which are in tension with one another. First, that there must be some point at which children are divided from adults, with children denied the rights which go along with full membership of the liberal community. The justification for the difference in the statue between these two groups must be rooted in some notion of capacities, since these are the only relevant differences between adults and children. Second, that linking an individual's capacities to her status undermines the central liberal commitment of political equality. This dilemma explains what I term the threshold view, which holds that children become adult citizens upon reaching an age of competence and that above this level differences in abilities cease to matter to an individual's status. While this view has attractions, this paper argues that this view must eventually be rejected because of its inability to deal with the actual process of human development. In its place, the paper proposes a modification to this view which sees the threshold constrained by moral demands and applied indirectly to age groups rather than individuals. These constraints preserve the commitment to equality in a way consistent with a plausible view of children's place in society. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd., copyright holder.]

The article investigates comparative legal analysis of constitutional basics regarding perception, recognition, ensuring and observance of individuals' legal status in some Post-Soviet Union countries like Azerbaijan, Kyrgyz Republic, and others. Importance of constitutional chamber in the Supreme Court of Kyrgyz Republic has been underlined. It is essential to mention that this idea was supported by researchers of professor Alankir's School. Moreover, Japanese and Estonian legislators vested the Supreme Court with the power of constitutional oversight. At the same time, the prosecution office of Kyrgyz Republic together with Ombudsman ensure observance of citizens' legal status and fulfill the function of general oversight. Attention has been drawn that prosecution office of Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz Republic fulfills the function of general oversight. In Armenia it is not the President who is the guarantor of the Main Law and citizens' legal status but the Constitutional Court and Cassation courts and the Defender of Human Rights who fulfills traditional functions of prosecutor's general oversight when prosecution office is an attribute of justice. It has been stressed that in Post-Soviet Union countries the Main Law of Belarus and Kazakhstan has the most developed constitutional ensuring and observance of individuals' legal status because the President of the state is recognized a guarantor for observance of citizens' legal status. The Constitution of Georgia has more declarative legal regulation and this protection the citizen can receive by submitting a request to the Constitutional Court. The functions of prosecution office are not mentioned, and this body is an attribute of the Ministry of Justice.

The article considers the issue of observance of legal secrecy in the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. Analyzing the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights on the protection of legal secrecy, they are divided into three categories, depending on the issues addressed by the Court in its decisions: the confidentiality of communication between the lawyer and the client; search in the lawyer's office; control of lawyer's correspondence. The position of the European Court of Human Rights on the issue of observance of legal secrecy has been determined. Particular importance in every country is the right of a person to receive professional legal assistance, which is guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine, in particular article 59 and article 131-2 of the Constitution of Ukraine. Provision of professional legal assistance is possible only in the case of legislative guarantees of confidentiality of information provided to the lawyer by the client, in the protection of legal secrecy, which is a necessary condition for the functioning of the bar, the basis of trust between lawyer and client, observance of lawyer's secrecy is one of the most important and fundamental in a lawyer's activity. The problem of protecting and ensuring the observance of legal secrecy is one of the most important and fundamental in the activities of a lawyer. It is difficult to overestimate the significance of the considered decisions of the ECtHR for law enforcement practice. In these decisions we can see the principled position of the ECtHR on the issue of legal secrecy. The right of a lawyer to confidentiality of communication with his client is considered by the ECtHR as one of the main requirements of a fair trial in a democratic society, arising from the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. It should be noted that the issues of observance of legal secrecy in the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights have an implementation impact on the national ...