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TABLE OF CONTENTS; INTRODUCTION; FILTHY WHORES AND BRAVE MOTHERS; HITLER'S ENEMY IMAGES AS INVERSIONS OF THE 'GOOD GERMAN'; CHILDLIKE MASSES AGAINST TRUE MEN OF VALOUR; EXPLOITING THE HUTU/TUTSI DIVIDE; THE ENEMY'S IMAGE; THE ENEMY IN A POSTMODERN AGE; CONTRIBUTORS

Intro -- Enemy Images in American History -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Preface -- Introduction -- Part I. Sociological and Psychological Aspects -- Chapter 1. Some Sociobiological and Psychological Aspects of "Images of the Enemy -- Chapter 2. The Sociological Anatomy of Enemy Images -- Part II. The American Revolution and Its Aftermath -- Chapter 3. The Image of an English Enemy During the American Revolution -- Chapter 4. The Enemy Image as Negation of the Ideal -- Part III. Ethnic Issues -- Chapter 5. German Immigrants and African-Americans in Mid-Nineteenth Century America -- Chapter 6. Rhythm, Riots, and Revolution -- Part IV. The World Wars -- Chapter 7. German-Americans in World War I -- Chapter 8. "Our Enemies Within -- Chapter 9. "Know Your Enemy -- Part V. The Cold War -- Chapter 10. Friends, Foes, or Reeducators? -- Chapter 11. The Greek Lobby and the Reemergence of Anti-Communism in the United States After World War II -- Part VI. The Problem of Synthesis -- Chapter 12. Culture Wars -- List of Contributors -- Bibliography -- Index.

Associated with the enemy image syndrome are characteristics of distrust; placing guilt on the enemy; negative anticipation; identification with evil; zero-sum thinking; de-individualisation; and refusal of empathy. Examines such images in the light of evolutionary biology and the findings of Freud and Piaget. (SJK)

Childhood is an important period for shaping individuals' social understanding. Previous studies conducted on children raised in conflict regions have shown that an understanding of enemy is well related to age and gender differences. The aim of the current study was to explore children's understanding and conceptualization of ―enemy‖ who live with a ―real enemy‖. In addition, it aimed to investigate age and gender differences, further to compare the intergroup contact of children who study in single-ethnic school to those studying in mixed-ethnic school. Sixty two Israeli-Arab children's ―enemy‖ conceptualization and ―enemy‖ images were assessed using contact questionnaire, a free association task, a drawing task, and an enemy questionnaire. The results suggested that generally, Israeli-Arab children were able to define and conceptualize concrete representations of the enemy, which change across age. With age, children perceived an enemy more with ethnic and political characteristics, such as Jewish nation. As in the literature, boys made more reference to the physical violence of an enemy compared to girls. Lastly, children in mixed-ethnic school reported more positive relationship and attitudes, and associated less negative enemy traits to outgroup members. The effect of being raised in conflictual environment and war are discussed. Keywords: enemy, enemy images, Israeli-Arab, contact, children ; ÖZ: Çocukluk dönemi bireylerin sosyal anlayışını şekillendiren önemli bir gelişim evresidir. Çatışma bölgelerinde yetişen çocuklarla yapılan önceki çalışmalar, düşman kavramındaki farklılıkların yaş ve cinsiyete bağlı olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, ―gerçek‖ düşman ile aynı ortamda yaşayan çocukların ―düşman‖ anlayışını ve kavramsallaştırmasını araştırmaktır. Buna ek olarak, gruplar arası teması karşılaştırmak için, karma-etnik okullarda ve tek-etnik okullarda okuyan çocukların yaş ve cinsiyet farklılıklarını araştırmak hedeflenmiştir. Altmış iki İsrail-Arap çocuğun katıldığı bu çalışmada, ―düşman‖ kavramsallaştırma ve ―düşman‖ imajı temas anketi, serbest çağrışım çalışması, çizim çalışması ve düşman anketi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmada, İsrail-Arap çocuklarının genel olarak yaş değiştikçe düşmanı somut bir şekilde betimlediği bulunmuştur. Artan yaş ile birlikte, çocuklar düşmanı daha çok etnik ve politik özelliklerle algılamışlardır (Ör.Yahudi milleti). Literatürde olduğu gibi, kız çocuklarına kıyasla, erkek çocukları düşmanın fiziksel şiddetine daha fazla atıfta bulunmuşlardır. Karma-etnik okuldaki çocuklar daha olumlu ilişki ve tutumlar rapor ederek, dış grup üyelerini daha az olumsuz düşman özellikleriyle ilişkilendirmişlerdir. Sonuçlar, çatışma ortamında ve savaşta yetiştirilmenin etkileriyle birlikte tartışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Düşman, Düşman İmajları, Arap-İsrail, Temas, Çocuklar ; Master of Science in Developmental Psychology. Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology, 2015. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Biran Mertan.

This article discusses changes in enemy image in the three Norwegian daily newspapers through a comparative analysis of the coverage of four international conflicts: the Iraqi invasion of Iran in 1980, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, martial law in Poland in 1981 and martial law in Romania in 1989. Content analysis of a sample of 915 articles shows how Norway's traditional `enemy', the Soviet Union, ceases to be an enemy during this ten-year period. The study compares newspaper coverage of the social unrest in Poland, when the threat of Soviet intervention was manifest, with coverage of the rebellion against Ceauşescu in Romania. The author discusses what has happened since the Soviet Union ceased to be the `main threat' to Norwegian security. Has a `new' enemy linked to Islam emerged? This is discussed while comparing news coverage of the Iraqi invasion of Iran with that of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. This sample found several articles revealing prejudice against Muslims in general, but enemy images were mainly linked with the Ayatollah Khomeini in the first invasion and with Saddam Hussein in the second. The dominant use of enemy images of these two leaders is in itself an interesting part of the coverage. The author concludes that enemy images are obstacles to analytical journalism, making it more difficult for journalists to see the obvious parallels between the two invasions. Enemy images are projected mainly in editorials and commentary columns and less so in straight news articles. However, the angling of articles through headlines, illustrations and cartoons may reveal the attitudes of news desks as to who the `enemy' is, even when the text itself is written in `neutral' prose.

The perception of opponents as "enemies" can be detrimental to human relationships of all levels. In the perspective of evolutionary biology, enemy images are identified as residues of an archaic perception pattern that distinguishes only between data supporting survival & data endangering survival. The human capacity of perceiving in nuances is discussed in terms of brain, emotional, & social-cognitive development. Enemy images are described as the effects of a reversal process that under stress can gradually extinguish the results & capabilities of maturation & differentiation. The fully developed syndrome of the enemy image is characterized by distrust, placing the guilt on the enemy, negative anticipation, identification with the evil, zero-sum-thinking, deindividualization, & refusal of empathy. The function & impact of enemy images are examined, as well as the criteria that must be met to overcome them & to make constructive encounters possible. AA

This book offers a detailed understanding of 'enemy images', which are used in political rhetoric to dehumanize adversaries for various purposes, such as to legitimate violent conflicts. Applying theoretical models to a strong catalogue of historical and recent examples – from blood libel narratives in medieval manuscripts, to state-sponsored children's board games in Nazi Germany and social media posts about the wars in Gaza and Ukraine – the book identifies how 'enemy images' have led to the development of dominant socio-political paradigms by providing justifications for and reinforcements of violent conflicts both within and between societies. In doing so, the work offers an up-to-date, accessible and authoritative overview of how to identify, analyse, and counteract energy images – which will be key to fostering social environments of reconciliation and peacebuilding for the future.

Using Finnish images of the Soviet Union as an example, the processes in which enemy images emerge and are dissolved are discussed. Special attention is given to factors which strengthen enemy images independently of a real external threat, for reasons arising from within the group. The preconditions for the enemy image of the Soviet Union that developed in the so-called First Finnish Republic (1918-44) were for the most part created after 1899 with the onset of a Russianization policy. The outcomes of the civil wars in Finland and Russia were completely opposite, and this had significant consequences: Finland became separated from Russia not only as an independent state, but also in ideological terms. Russophobia began to spread in a situation where there was a growing political need to strengthen national integration in a war-torn country and to explain the Civil War as having been caused by external factors. The fears of a Russian aggression were further strengthened by the commitment of the young Soviet state to the principles of the Communist International. Following World War II, several factors contributed to the dissolution of the enemy image: cultural, political, and economic interaction and exchange with the Soviet Union increased, the 1948 Treaty between the countries meant that the argument of an armed Soviet threat no longer had any currency, political power decentralized, the integration problems were largely solved, and the whole Finnish national identity changed with the new role that Finnish people had in the international community as bridge-builders. Today, Russophobia no longer exists in Finland, although the Soviet social system is still widely and often heavily criticized.

THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES THE TRADITIONAL BRITISH PERCEPTION OF GERMANY AND THE GERMAN PEOPLE AS AGGRESSORS.