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Abstract
In this theoretical paper, we use a linguistic vocabulary to reframe self-talk in endurance sport through a focus on grammatical function. Self-talk often works as speech acts, a kind of communicative action, e.g. where a self-talker is using the imperative mood to accomplish some goal with respect to herself (Come on!). Auxiliary modal verbs work across three main types of utterances: Deontic modality involving permission and obligation; dynamic modality involving ability and willingness; epistemic modality involving probabilistic judgements. In self-talk, these all function to establish a hypothetical domain for further reflection. Self-distance can be negotiated using 1st and 2nd person pronouns (I/you) and spatial demonstratives (this/that). Sentiment is communicated using adjectives, while negation may yield a means for impulse control. We can question our own utterances and use interjections to communicate surprise. These are all vital mental tools in endurance sports and an increased awareness of their functions in self-talk research will likely yield better self-talk interventions and lead to better performance for athletes.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: The Power of Self-Control -- Chapter 2: Emotional Self-Control -- Chapter 3: Academic Self-Control -- Chapter 4: Physical Self-Control -- Chapter 5: Achieving Self-Control -- Glossary -- For More Information -- Wesbites -- For Further Reading -- Bibliography -- Index -- Back Cover

Without a coordinated, limited control risk resources cannot be effectively used, and significant risks cannot be identified and properly managed. Internal control is clearly structured and has a vertical hierarchy. The system of internal control consists of three levels and each of them inherent function of improvement of the previous one. The lowest level of control is the control of managers departments as well as primary control during operations with production department. The second level of internal control is the specialized control departments, such as: financial control, security, compliance, risk management, quality management of service or manufactured products, and so on. The functions of these divisions are the development of activities methods in their working area and control implementation of this methods, or compliance with external / legal regulations. Within the limits of their authority, the subjects of control at this level of internal control also develop / propose changes to the control methods (within their competences) which are applied to the first level. The third level is the level of internal audit. The function of internal audit is directed at two main lines: control of operations and settlements; assessment and improvement of the internal control system. Therefore, internal audit, has one of the main tasks, it is the improvement and control of the subjects of the first and second levels of the internal control system. Improvement and development of internal audit is carried out through self-assessment and external evaluation of internal audit (commissioned by the Supervisory Board).

'Gegenstand der vorliegenden Studie ist die theoretische und empirische Analyse gesundheitsrelevanten Verhaltens aus der Perspektive der von Gottfredson/Hirschi (1990) im Kontext der Devianzsoziologie formulierten Self-Control-Theorie. Ausgehend von der These, daß Self-Control 'health behavior' fordert, werden Zusammenhänge von Self-Control auf Vorsorgeverhalten, gesundheitsrelevanten Gewohnheiten, Bewegungsverhalten, gesundheitsschonenden Verhaltensweisen und die Vermeidung von Risikofaktoren untersucht. Das Hauptergebnis der Studie, die als schriftliche Befragung von 837 Erwachsenen durchgeführt wurde, besteht in der Erkenntnis, daß die aus der Self-Control-Theorie abgeleitete Annahme bei einer Anwendung auf den vorgenannten Verhaltensbereich grundsätzlich empirische Unterstützung erfährt. Allerdings können nicht alle Bereiche gesundheitsrelevanten Verhaltens in gleichem Maße auf Self-Control zurückgeführt werden: Während sich Self-Control vor allem im Hinblick auf die Erklärung von gesundheitsschonendem Verhalten, Vorsorgeverhalten und der Vermeidung von Risikofaktoren als effizient erweist, kann das Bewegungsverhalten von Personen nur in geringem Maße durch Self-Control erklärt werden.' (Autorenreferat)

In this thesis, I critically explore the ways in which people consume extraordinary experiences and what this can tell us about contemporary society. My findings question the idea that extraordinary experiences are an escape from the demands of everyday life. I show instead that social (especially neoliberal) discourses discipline endurance runners and shape the ways in which they understand and account for their extraordinary experiences.As a research context for this qualitative study, I chose endurance running, which includes triathlon, obstacle adventure racing and ultra-distance running. Endurance running is an extreme but popular experience in contemporary consumer culture. If we don't consume branded endurance running events, such as Ironman or Tough Mudder, ourselves, we might have sponsored a colleague or friend to run up Mont Blanc or across the Sahara desert. Few of us can have escaped the sight of people pounding the pavements or running laps in the local park, building up their stamina to compete in the increasing number of endurance running events that now take place worldwide. In this thesis, I use vocabularies of motive and Foucault's theory of governmentality to critically examine the ways in which endurance runners talk about running.A critical perspsective allows us to see beyond their glossy surface of extraordinary experiences. It allows us to see beyond the romantic idea that people consume extraordinary experiences in order to escape the demands of everyday life; that extraordinary experiences are spaces of freedom. A critical perspective reveals extraordinary experiences to be spaces of discipline and productivity as well as freedom and escape and it allows us to see that neoliberal discourses influence extraordinary experiences, just as they influence other area of social life. They influence how and why we take part in extraordinary experiences, how we talk about them and how we use those experiences to sell ourselves. We mightunderstand extraordinary experiences as freedom, but we also feel compelled to take part in them. We might describe them as spaces where we are free from expectations, but we also quantify, objectify, and brand them so that they become productive and useful. We might think that extraordinary experiences are untouched by the competitive nature of contemporary consumer culture but somehow the urge to compete infiltrates, even there.

Self‐control theory has received extensive empirical attention in the past decade, but most studies have not tested its arguments about the effects of parenting on self‐control and delinquency. Using data collected from a sample of urban high school students, this study addresses this void by examining two parenting‐related hypotheses derived from the theory. For one of the hypotheses, the results with self‐control theory are contrasted with those obtained with Baumrind's theory of authoritative parenting, a theory that also is concerned with the link between parenting and self‐control. Results generally support self‐control theory's two hypotheses, but also point to empirical limitations of the theory.

Abstract
This paper studies important determinants of adult self-control using population-representative data and exploiting Germany's division as quasi-experimental variation. We find that former East Germans have substantially more self-control than West Germans and provide evidence for government surveillance as a possible underlying mechanism. We thereby demonstrate that institutional factors can shape people's self-control. Moreover, we find that self-control increases linearly with age. In contrast to previous findings for children, there is no gender gap in adult self-control and family background does not predict self-control.

"Sin taxes" are high on the political agenda in the global fight against obesity. Ac- cording to theory, they are welfare improving if consumers with low self-control are at least as price responsive as consumers with high self-control, even in the absence of externalities. In this paper, we investigate if consumers with low and high self-control react differently to sin tax variation. For identification, we exploit two sets of sin tax reforms in Denmark: first, the increase of the soft drink tax in 2012 and its repeal in 2014 and, second, the fat tax introduction in 2011 and its repeal in 2013. We assess the purchase response empirically using a detailed homescan household panel. Our unique dataset comprises a survey measure of self-control linked to the panelists, which we use to divide the sample into consumers with low and high levels of self-control. We find that consumers with low self-control reduce purchases less strongly than consumers with high self-control when taxes go up, but increase purchases to a similar extent when taxes go down. Hence, we document an asymmetry in the responsiveness to increasing and decreasing prices. We find empirical and theoretical support that habit formation shapes the differential response by self-control. The results suggest that price instruments are not an effective tool for targeting self-control problems.

"Sin taxes" are high on the political agenda in the global fight against obesity. According to theory, they are welfare improving if consumers with low self-control are at least as price responsive as consumers with high self-control, even in the absence of externalities. In this paper, we investigate if consumers with low and high self-control react differently to sin tax variation. For identification, we exploit two sets of sin tax reforms in Denmark: first, the increase of the soft drink tax in 2012 and its repeal in 2014 and, second, the fat tax introduction in 2011 and its repeal in 2013. We assess the purchase response empirically using a detailed homescan household panel. Our unique dataset comprises a survey measure of self-control linked to the panelists, which we use to divide the sample into consumers with low and high levels of self-control. We find that consumers with low self-control reduce purchases less strongly than consumers with high self-control when taxes go up, but increase purchases to a similar extent when taxes go down. Hence, we document an asymmetry in the responsiveness to increasing and decreasing prices. We find empirical and theoretical support that habit formation shapes the differential response by self-control. The results suggest that price instruments are not an effective tool for targeting self-control problems.