Suchergebnisse

We use a model of international and domestic tourist numbers and flows to investigate the effect of various climate policy instruments implemented in Europe on arrivals and emissions for the countries concerned. We find that these schemes do not fulfil their desired effects. The introduction of aviation into the European Trading system results in a fall in the number of tourists travelling into the EU in favour of other destinations. It also causes a significant welfare loss with only a small reduction in emissions. The flight taxes in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom result in different substitution effects across destinations (depending on the zones being taxed) but both policies do have the same consequence of inducing welfare losses and also reducing visitor numbers to the countries. We find that when these policies are combined their effects are additive. Welfare impacts are robust to variations in the underlying assumptions and changes in the scope of the taxes examined have the expected effects.

Das Pariser Klimaabkommen hat zum Ziel, die Erderwärmung auf deutlich unter 2 Grad zu begrenzen, wenn möglich sogar auf 1,5 Grad. Nach Auffassung des Weltklimarats (IPCC) sind diese Ziele mit konventionellen Klimaschutzmaßnahmen allein nicht zu erreichen. Der IPCC geht davon aus, dass über Emissionsreduktionen hinaus auch Technologieoptionen unvermeidlich werden, mit denen der Atmosphäre Treibhausgase entzogen werden können. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Kombination aus verstärktem Bioenergie-Einsatz sowie Abscheidung und Speicherung von Kohlendioxid. Bislang hat die Klimapolitik die Notwendigkeit "negativer Emissionen" weitgehend ignoriert. Die Diskussion über zugrundeliegende Modellannahmen, Potentiale und Risiken denkbarer Technologieoptionen sowie deren politische Implikationen steht noch ganz am Anfang. Die EU und Deutschland wären gut beraten, diese Debatte proaktiv zu gestalten und verstärkt in Forschung und Entwicklung zu investieren. Wird an den Pariser Temperaturzielen festgehalten, werden sich klimapolitische Vorreiter schon bald mit der heute noch paradox anmutenden Forderung konfrontiert sehen, Emissionsminderungsziele von weit mehr als 100 Prozent zu beschließen. (Autorenreferat)

Intro -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Preface -- Climate Change: Observations on Options for Selling Emissions Allowances in a Cap-and-Trade Program* -- Why Gao Did This Study -- What GAO Found -- Abbreviations -- Background -- The Method of Selling Allowances in a Cap-and-Trade Program Can Influence Program Outcomes -- Establishing Clear Goals Is Critical -- Many Design Options Are Available to Meet Established Goals -- Sales or Auctions -- Auction Format -- Other Auction Design Elements -- Appendix I. Scope and Methodology -- Appendix II. Other Elements of Auction Design -- Participation Requirements -- Frequency and Timing -- Price Controls -- Reporting and Monitoring -- Appendix III. Allowance Sales Conducted in the EU ETS and RGGI -- End Notes -- Climate Change and the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS): Looking to 2020* -- Summary -- Overview1 -- Results from Phase 1 and 2 -- Phase 3 -- Auctions -- New Entrant Reserves -- EC Phase 3 Decision on Eligible Industries45 -- Flexibility Mechanisms and Price Volatility Control -- Expanding Coverage -- Summary and Considerations for U.S. Cap-and-Trade Proposals -- Emission Inventories and Target Setting -- Coverage -- Allocation Schemes -- Flexibility and Price Volatility -- End Notes -- Regulating a Carbon Market: Issues Raised by the European Carbon and U.S. Sulfur Dioxide Allowance Markets* -- Summary -- Introduction -- The European Emissions Trading System (ETS) -- Background -- What Is Regulated -- How Exchanges Are Regulated -- Lessons from the ETS -- The U.S. Sulfur Dioxide Trading Program (Title IV) -- Background -- Administering the Program: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) -- Allowance Accounting -- Allowance Auctions.

The objective of the Paris Agreement is to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) believes that these targets cannot be reached through conventional mitigation measures alone. The IPCC assumes that in addition to reducing emissions, technologies for removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere will become indispensable. The preferred technology option combines increased use of bio-energy with the capture and storage of carbon dioxide. To date, climate policy has largely ignored the necessity for "negative emissions" to achieve the temperature targets set out in the Paris Agreement. Discussions on the underlying model assumptions, potentials and risks of imaginable technological options, as well as their political implications, are only just beginning. It would be wise for the EU and Germany to proactively shape this debate and increase funding for research and development. If the Paris climate objectives are upheld, climate policy pioneers will soon be facing calls to set emission-reduction targets of much more than 100 percent - a notion that today seems paradoxical, but may soon become reality. (author's abstract)

The objective of the Paris Agreement is to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) believes that these targets cannot be reached through conventional mitigation measures alone. The IPCC assumes that in addition to reducing emissions, technologies for removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere will become indispensable. The preferred technology option combines increased use of bio-energy with the capture and storage of carbon dioxide. To date, climate policy has largely ignored the necessity for "negative emissions" to achieve the temperature targets set out in the Paris Agreement. Discussions on the underlying model assumptions, potentials and risks of imaginable technological options, as well as their political implications, are only just beginning. It would be wise for the EU and Germany to proactively shape this debate and increase funding for research and development. If the Paris climate objectives are upheld, climate policy pioneers will soon be facing calls to set emission-reduction targets of much more than 100 percent - a notion that today seems paradoxical, but may soon become reality. (SWP Comments)

The 1997 Kyoto Conference introduced emissions trading as a policy instrument for climate protection. Bringing together scholars in the fields of economics, political science and law, this book, which was originally published in 2005, provides a description, analysis and evaluation of different aspects of emissions trading as an instrument to control greenhouse gases. The authors analyse theoretical aspects of regulatory instruments for climate policy, provide an overview of US experience with market-based instruments, draw lessons from trading schemes for the control of greenhouse gases, and discuss options for emissions trading in climate policy. They also highlight the background of climate policy and instrument choice in the US and Europe and the foundation of systems in Europe, particularly the EU's directive for a CO2 emissions trading system

Bringing together economists, political scientists and lawyers, this book provides a description, analysis and evaluation of emissions trading as an instrument to control greenhouse gases. Offering a systematic comparison of US and European experiences of emissions trading, it will be essential reading for all those concerned with climate policy

This book tells the fascinating story of how the EU's emissions trading system - its climate policy flagship - was rescued. In spring 2013 the ETS was in severe crisis, with a huge surplus of allowances and a sagging carbon price. Even a formally simple measure to change the timing of auctioning was initially rejected by the European Parliament. Two years later a much more important 'market thermostat' was adopted (i.e. the Market Stability Reserve) and proposals for a complete ETS overhaul were put on the table. This book examines and explains how it was possible to turn the flagship around so quickly. Crucial changes at national and EU levels are identified, chief among them in Germany and the European Parliament.

The initial years of the European Union's Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) have provided a large-scale testing ground for trading of a new environmental commodity, carbon dioxide. This paper provides an overview of the origins and characteristics of the EU ETS. It then goes on to analyse the most contentious issues that have been discussed in the economics literature and in the public debate surrounding the trading system. The lessons learned are diverse and not all experiences are positive. Nevertheless, invaluable information has been gained from the EU ETS and policy makers in Europe and elsewhere would be wise to make use of it, be they supporters of emissions trading or sceptics to such policies. The paper concludes with a look toward the future, highlighting some upcoming revisions of the EU ETS and at what issues remain unresolved. ; The initial years of the European Union's Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) have provided a large-scale testing ground for trading of a new environmental commodity, carbon dioxide. This paper provides an overview of the origins and characteristics of the EU ETS. It then goes on to analyse the most contentious issues that have been discussed in the economics literature and in the public debate surrounding the trading system. The lessons learned are diverse and not all experiences are positive. Nevertheless, invaluable information has been gained from the EU ETS and policy makers in Europe and elsewhere would be wise to make use of it, be they supporters of emissions trading or sceptics to such policies. The paper concludes with a look toward the future, highlighting some upcoming revisions of the EU ETS and at what issues remain unresolved.

There is a growing concern that the Earth's atmospheric composition is being altered by human activities which can lead to climate change. Policy measures to reduce carbon dioxide emissions are on the agenda of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the European Union (EU). Climate Change is an environmental problem and answers have to be sought among robust environmental policies that are often classified in market-based, command-and-control and voluntary instruments. Although there is evidence that many uncertainties surround the climate change phenomenon and the contribution of shipping, shipping is under severe political pressure. The paper presents an overview of the related uncertainties and environmental policies and focuses on emission standards and technology solutions. From a political point of view, it is easier to pass legislation that calls for technological and operational measures and may indeed have a high potential in reducing emissions.