Suchergebnisse

EMERGENCY EVACUATIONS: FEDERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND ASSESSMENTS -- EMERGENCY EVACUATIONS: FEDERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND ASSESSMENTS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 FEDERAL EVACUATION POLICY: ISSUES FOR CONGRESS -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- EXAMPLES OF FEDERAL EVACUATION POLICY -- Stafford Act: Pre-Hurricane Katrina -- Stafford Act: Post-Hurricane Katrina -- National Response Framework -- National Hurricane Program -- EVACUATIONS: LESSONS LEARNED -- General Lessons Learned from Evacuations -- Lessons Learned from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita -- POTENTIAL CONGRESSIONAL ISSUES

Today a lot of design research is concentrated on problems of resiliency and performance in conditions of hazardous events, such as sea level rise, hurricanes, tsunamis, cyclones, earthquakes and drought. And while designers, architects and engineers try to convince people to care about these issues, offer building higher seawalls, recreating marshlands, reinforcing shorelines and various ecosystems, they never really address evacuation, which remains a big problem for vulnerable areas prone to cyclical occurrence of natural disasters. More people die during evacuation - escaping the disaster site, rather than from the disaster itself; more people die because of the consequences of the disaster in their own homes or vehicles. For example, in 2016 in Japan, Kumamoto prefecture 50 people were killed directly by the earthquake, while over 900 people were injured; but over 170 people were killed indirectly, 24% of whom died because they were trying to find shelter in their private vehicles (Japan Times, 04/14, 2017). However, this doesn't seem to be an issue worth looking at from a design perspective. But building seawalls is not a solution either - it is the same mitigation of the aftereffects, rather than addressing the root of the problem. Natural disasters are impossible to control; true, therefore I believe it is necessary to first and foremost address people's understanding of the extreme danger that their situation poses, address their safe escape and shelter. Phase 1 will investigate my chosen site - Rockaway Peninsula, Queens, NYC. I will research the history and geography of the site, its current condition and strategies that have been employed by the authorities to recover after superstorm Sandy of 2012. Phase 2 will look into case studies in US and abroad in order to learn of various strategies that are developed to deal with the same type of disaster as Sandy and/or similar type of sandbar location and its communities. Phase 3 will look into how to create an evacuation plan in a physical form by providing people with a guiding system that would help them to get to shelter safely even during a superstorm like Sandy. By performing this research I am trying to answer a question "How can landscape be adapted in order to improve efficiency of evacuation", which arose after I found evidence in social media of people's ignorance of the real danger and/or unwillingness to leave; people's unwillingness to follow police orders and trying to perform evacuation on their own. For example, in Palm Beach, Florida local residents refused to follow orders of police and firemen and chose to evacuate on their own terms because evacuation prepared by the government officials was "ineffective and life threatening." By investigating this topic I am trying to define what evacuation is apart from being a line on a map which officials from Town Hall had drawn, and how can evacuation become a part of a physical landscape, become something that people would intuitively understand and follow.

AbstractEvacuation is frequently used by emergency managers and other officials as part of an overall approach to reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with hurricane landfall. In this study, the evacuation shelter capacity of the Houston–Galveston Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) was spatially assessed and shelter deficits in the region were estimated. These data provide essential information needed to eliminate shelter deficits and ensure a successful evacuation from a future storm. Spatial statistical methods—Global Moran's I, Anselin Local Moran's I (Local Indicators of Spatial Association [LISA]), and Hot Spot Analysis (Getis‐Ord Gi*) were used to assess for regional spatial autocorrelation and clustering of evacuation shelters in the Houston–Galveston MSA. Shelter deficits were estimated in four ways—the aggregate deficit for the Houston–Galveston MSA, by evacuation Zip‐Zone, by county, and by distance or radii of evacuation Zip‐Zone. Evacuation shelters were disproportionately distributed in the region, with lower capacity shelters clustered closer to evacuation Zip‐Zones (50 miles from the Coastal Zip‐Zone), and higher capacity shelters clustered farther away from the zones (120 miles from the Coastal Zip‐Zone). The aggregate shelter deficit for the Houston–Galveston MSA was 353,713 persons. To reduce morbidity and mortality associated with future hurricanes in the Houston–Galveston MSA, authorities should consider the development and implementation of policies that would improve the evacuation shelter capacity of the region. Eliminating shelter deficits, which has been done successfully in the state of Florida, is an essential element of protecting the public from hurricane impacts.

The use of overnight shelters during evacuations is a topic of increased societal concern. Existing investigations do not provide an integrated nor consistent explanation. An assessment of existing published data lead us to conclude that many factors suggested by others are not adequate explanations for shelter use, and these include type of hazard, urban versus rural, day versus night and shelter availability publicity. However, socioeconomic status and age of evacuees are consistent explanatory concepts. Further research on this topic is needed.

Cover; Copyright; Contents; List of Figures; Acknowledgments; 1 Introduction; 2 Locating the Shelter, Locating an Ethic of Care; 3 An Inside (and Closer) Look at the Shelter: Spatial Tactics and the Aesthetics of an Ethic of Care; 4 From the Mundane to the Chaotic: The (Un)Making of an Ethic of Care; 5 The Securitization of an Ethic of Care and the Administration of Chaos; 6 Gendered Security and a Gendered an Ethic of Care; 7 The Logic of Legality and the Administration of Chaos; 8 From the Laughable to the Ridiculous: The Example of "Zero-Tolerance"; 9 Conclusion; Epilogue; Appendix; Notes.

We offer a general approach to predicting public compliance with emergency recommendations. It begins with a formal risk assessment of an anticipated emergency, whose parameters include factors potentially affecting and affected by behavior, as identified by social science research. Standard procedures are used to elicit scientific experts' judgments regarding these behaviors and dependencies, in the context of an emergency scenario. Their judgments are used to refine the model and scenario, enabling local emergency coordinators to predict the behavior of citizens in their area. The approach is illustrated with a case study involving a radiological dispersion device (RDD) exploded in downtown Pittsburgh, PA. Both groups of experts (national and local) predicted approximately 80–90% compliance with an order to evacuate workplaces and 60–70% compliance with an order to shelter in place at home. They predicted 10% lower compliance for people asked to shelter at the office or to evacuate their homes. They predicted 10% lower compliance should the media be skeptical, rather than supportive. They also identified preparatory policies that could improve public compliance by 20–30%. We consider the implications of these results for improving emergency risk assessment models and for anticipating and improving preparedness for disasters, using Hurricane Katrina as a further case in point.

Congress will again appropriate funds under the Stewart B. McKinney Act for the Emergency Shelter Grants Program (ESG). This program is funded through the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Funds are provided to expand and improve the number and quality of emergency shelters for the homeless, and for homeless prevention activities. The Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity (DCEO) is distributing this Request For Proposal, subject to change, based upon comments that may be received during the public hearing process for the Consolidated Plan. Funds are being made available to local governments and/or not-for-profit organizations providing shelter and/or services within the State of Illinois, but outside of Cook County and the City of Chicago. The department is requesting proposals from local governments on behalf of private not-for-profit, tax-exempt organizations or directly from private not-for-profit, organizations serving the homeless. Grants from $10,000 to $75,000 are available to cover expenses incurred between April 1, 2009, and March 31, 2010. ; "October 1, 2008"--Cover letter. ; Cover title. ; Congress will again appropriate funds under the Stewart B. McKinney Act for the Emergency Shelter Grants Program (ESG). This program is funded through the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Funds are provided to expand and improve the number and quality of emergency shelters for the homeless, and for homeless prevention activities. The Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity (DCEO) is distributing this Request For Proposal, subject to change, based upon comments that may be received during the public hearing process for the Consolidated Plan. Funds are being made available to local governments and/or not-for-profit organizations providing shelter and/or services within the State of Illinois, but outside of Cook County and the City of Chicago. The department is requesting proposals from local governments on behalf of private not-for-profit, tax-exempt organizations or directly from private not-for-profit, organizations serving the homeless. Grants from $10,000 to $75,000 are available to cover expenses incurred between April 1, 2009, and March 31, 2010. ; Mode of access: Internet.

As part of the efforts to model the evacuation behaviour of urban residents in the event of a day-time radiological emergency, the present study determines and interprets the extent to which parents of school children rely upon school authorities in evacuating their children away from a danger zone. Two-thirds of parents surveyed in this study distrust organised evacuation and would retrieve their children personally. These parents are usually more mobile. recognising the benefits of nuclear power in general, but at the same time are highly aware of its potential risk to the public. The extent of distrust exceeds similar findings elsewhere. General implications for urban evacuation are discussed, and recommendations for urgent evacuation preparedness of schools are put forward.