Suchergebnisse

chapter I Introductory -- chapter II 1. Distinction between economic uniformities, economic ideals, and economic precepts -- chapter III 1. Political economy and physical science -- chapter IV 1. Conflicting views of the relation between economic science and the general science of society -- chapter V On Definition in Political Economy 1. The problem of definition in political economy -- chapter VI1. Preliminary functions of observation in economic enquiries -- chapter VII On the Deductive Method in Political Economy1. Nature of the deductive method -- chapter VIII1. Mathematical character of political economy -- chapter IX On Political Economy and Economic History1. Functions of economic history in theoretical investigations -- chapter X On Political Economy and Statistics1. The claims of statistics to be regarded as a distinct science.

AbstractIn this article, I show that in Japanese, while some focus elements obligatorily take wide scope with respect to scope‐bearing predicative heads, argument ellipsis reverses this scope possibility, so that narrow‐scope interpretation of the focus element is obligatory. I further show that Scope Parallelism (Fox 2000) overrides this narrow‐scope requirement for elided arguments; when the antecedent clause exhibits scope interaction, the elided clause shows the parallel wide‐scope option. I argue that such scope possibilities fall out from the interaction of the derivational‐PF‐deletion analysis of ellipsis (Takahashi 2013, 2017), the Morphological Merger of predicative heads (Shibata 2015), and Scope Economy and Parallelism (Fox 2000).

The objective of this paper is to improve estimations of the size and scope of the underground economy by introducing a new approach that combines the advantages of the two most commonly used approaches, i.e., currency demand and MIMIC. The new approach is applied to Germany. Among other things, it is shown that the approach yields improved estimation results. Some policy perspectives are discussed in the concluding section.

In the 1980s, studies of technology transfer in dual-use industries have suggested a slow down in military technology spillovers to the civilian sector. This paper takes an econometric approach to measuring the bilateral spillover effect using the airframe manufacturing industry as a case study. The diffusion of technology benefits the industrial art regardless of where technological innovation is originated. When horizontal spillover is measured as a bilateral flow of technology transfer regardless of the direction of the flow, i.e., either from military to civilian or from civilian to military, we find no evidence of a slow down, in airframe manufacturing at least, between 1961 and 1985, a period of rapid technological change in both military and commercial aircraft production. We also trace the flow of technological development in aircraft engine and measure its effect downstream on aircraft manufacturing productivity to obtain an estimate for any vertical spillover. We find a negative relationship between upstream innovation and downstream manufacturing cost, but the linkage effect is statistically insignificant. We suggest that further study should be pursued in a framework incorporating some concepts from organizational theory to better understand the differences in institutional structure that affect the adaptation and development of dual-use technologies, and the social setting that become necessary to achieve dual-use.

In the last decade, Bulgaria is facing new challenges related with the growing social fragmentation and social exclusion, which require new type of interventions combining economic and social models. Undoubtedly, social economy is a key feature of European social model and it creates opportunities for new jobs, boosts social innovations as a response to the growing public needs and stimulates social cohesion. Bulgarian municipalities have a twofold role in the social economy – on one side they act as operators in social economy through the establishment of municipal social enterprises. On the other side as local authorities, they can formulate local policies and create favorable conditions to boost social economy. The article is analyzing the scope, trends and opportunities of Bulgarian municipalities to strengthen the social economy at local level, and in this way to influence the creation of a favorable environment for social enterprises. In addition, it provides an overview of the existing models of municipal social enterprises and the expected impact on the local development.

The distribution of the labour force by sectors and the country economic structure indicate the economic development level of countries. The traditional sectoral transformation is observed in all countries during the economic development process. Since the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, industrialization has been one of the fundamental development policies to be achieved. As an inevitable result of the development, the sectoral distribution of production and employment changed in Turkish economy over the years. This structural transformation is associated with the transition from primary sector to capital intensive production structure in which the manufacturing and the service sectors expand while the agricultural sector shrinks. However, the agricultural sector is still important in Turkey. Today, approximately one-fifth of the labour force is employed in the agricultural sector. This ratio shows the developing country feature of Turkish labour market despite the industrialization and urbanization policies and the structural changes in recent years. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyze the sectoral transformation of the Turkish economy within the scope of the sectors share in the GDP of Turkey and the share of sectors in the total employment, within the changing structure of the labour market and the level of urbanization.Keywords: economic development, structural transformation, Turkish economy