Suchergebnisse

The public participation process represents the foundation for the development of a sustainable democratic society. This research paper focuses on the relation between the citizens and public authority throughout cooperation. The concept of public participation is understood here as the interaction between different kinds of actors, through available communication channels, in order to identify needs, opinions and beliefs with the purpose of adopting and implementing them in the form of public policies and decisions. This research paper highlights a communication rupture between the public administration and the citizens in Bucharest. Given the context provided by the COVID-19 pandemic, this research paper highlights the need to modernize the public administration in order to better communicate with the population. Some of the possible causes for the miscommunication, that appeared repeatedly throughout the survey, were the disappointment of the population with the public authority, lack of civic education or difficult procedures for public participation. Some of the possible solutions mentioned by the respondents are digitalization of the process of public participation, implementation of the proposals that come from the population, better informing the citizens with respect to the projects that are to be implemented in the community and online anonymous surveys. The survey technique used in order to obtain these data was the online survey, a questionnaire applied to the population of Bucharest, from all the 6 sectors of the Capital.

Modern communication systems are characterized by an increasing need for self-configuring networks. In fact, in many practical cases, the presence of centralizing devices such as a base station is neither realistic nor practical. This is the case, for instance, in military or emergency situation, or when the increasingly dense deployment of access points makes a man-made planning unfeasible. As a consequence, problems like designing behavioral rules for devices (or groups of devices) on how to select their own transmit parameters naturally arise. In particular, self-configuring algorithms must be able to respond to the necessity of detecting, avoiding or reducing interference, thus maintaining a sufficient quality of the communications when no centralization is available, and with minimum information exchange and cooperation. Moreover, these algorithms must be able to cope with the variations of the transmission conditions due to fading, shadowing, mobility and to the change in other devices behavioral patterns eventually creating extra interference.The goal of this thesis is to study the joint problem of channel selection and power control in the context of multiple-channel clustered ad-hoc networks, i.e., decentralized networks in which radio devices are arranged into groups known as clusters, and to propose a viable decentralized self-configuring algorithm for such a network.The network is studied and analyzed through game theory, and the relative equilibria are identified. The first purpose is to use these equilibria in order to quantify the performance of different algorithms that originate from the theory of learning in games. An algorithm based on the trial and error paradigm is then selected as a candidate solution. A particular utility function is designed in order for the equilibria to coincide with the solutions of an optimization problem, thus maximizing the quality of the communications while minimizing the resources needed. These results are presented in the most general form and therefore, they can also be seen as a framework for designing both games and learning algorithms with which decentralized networks can operate atglobal optimal points using only their available local knowledge. The pertinence of the game design and the learning algorithm are highlighted using specific scenarios in decentralized clustered ad hoc networks. Numerical results confirm the relevance of using appropriate utility functions and trial and error learning for enhancing the performance of decentralized networks. ; Les systèmes de communication modernes sont caractérisés par leur besoin croissant en mécanismes d'auto-configuration. En effet, dans de nombreux cas pratiques, la présence de dispositifs de centralisation tel qu'une station de base n'est ni réaliste ni pratique. Ceci est le cas, par exemple, des situations militaires ou aussi celles d'urgence, ou lorsque le déploiement de plus en plus dense de points d'accès rend la planification humaine irréalisable. Par conséquent, des problèmes tel que la conception de règles de comportement pour les appareils (ou groupes d'appareils) sur la fa¸ con de choisir leurs propres paramètres de transmission, se présentent naturellement. En particulier, les algorithmes d'auto-configuration doivent être en mesure de répondre à la nécessité de détecter, d'éviter ou de réduire les interférences, maintenant ainsi une qualité suffisante de communications quand une centralisation est indisponible, et ceci avec un minimum d'échange d'informations et de coopération. En outre, ces algorithmes doivent être en mesure de faire face aux variations naturelles des conditions d'émission, en raison de l'atténuation, des effets de masque, de la mobilité et de la variation des comportements des autres dispositifs qui peuvent éventuellement créer des interférences supplémentaires. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier le problème conjoint de sélection de canal et de contrôle de puissance dans le contexte de réseaux ad hoc clustérisés à canaux multiples, c'est à dire, des réseaux décentralisés dans lesquels les appareils radio sont disposés en groupes appelés clusters, et de proposer un algorithme d'auto-configuration décentralisé viable pour un tel réseau.Le réseau est étudié et analysé par l'intermédiaire de la théorie des jeux, et les équilibres relatifs sont identifiés. Le premier objectif consiste à utiliser ces équilibres afin de quantifier les performances des différents algorithmes qui proviennent de la théorie de l'apprentissage dans les jeux. Un algorithme basé sur le paradigme "trial and error" est alors sélectionné en tant que solution candidat. Une fonction d'utilité particulière est conçue afin que l'équilibre puisse coïncider avec les solutions d' un problème d'optimisation, maximisant ainsi la qualité des communications, tout en minimisant les ressources nécessaires. Ces résultats sont présentés sous la forme la plus générale et, par conséquent, ils peuvent ˆ être aussi considérés comme un cadre théorique général pour la conception des jeux, ainsi que des algorithmes d'apprentissage avec lesquels les réseaux décentralisés peuvent fonctionner à des points optimaux globaux, et ceci à l'aide uniquement de leurs connaissances locales disponibles. La pertinence de la conception du jeu ainsi que de l'algorithme d'apprentissage est mis en évidence au moyen de scénarios spécifiques dans des réseaux ad hoc clustérisés et décentralisés. Les résultats numériques confirment la pertinence de l'utilisation des fonctions utilitaires appropriées ainsi que de l'apprentissage "trial and error" dans l'amélioration de la performance des réseaux décentralisés.

Modern communication systems are characterized by an increasing need for self-configuring networks. In fact, in many practical cases, the presence of centralizing devices such as a base station is neither realistic nor practical. This is the case, for instance, in military or emergency situation, or when the increasingly dense deployment of access points makes a man-made planning unfeasible. As a consequence, problems like designing behavioral rules for devices (or groups of devices) on how to select their own transmit parameters naturally arise. In particular, self-configuring algorithms must be able to respond to the necessity of detecting, avoiding or reducing interference, thus maintaining a sufficient quality of the communications when no centralization is available, and with minimum information exchange and cooperation. Moreover, these algorithms must be able to cope with the variations of the transmission conditions due to fading, shadowing, mobility and to the change in other devices behavioral patterns eventually creating extra interference.The goal of this thesis is to study the joint problem of channel selection and power control in the context of multiple-channel clustered ad-hoc networks, i.e., decentralized networks in which radio devices are arranged into groups known as clusters, and to propose a viable decentralized self-configuring algorithm for such a network.The network is studied and analyzed through game theory, and the relative equilibria are identified. The first purpose is to use these equilibria in order to quantify the performance of different algorithms that originate from the theory of learning in games. An algorithm based on the trial and error paradigm is then selected as a candidate solution. A particular utility function is designed in order for the equilibria to coincide with the solutions of an optimization problem, thus maximizing the quality of the communications while minimizing the resources needed. These results are presented in the most general form and therefore, they ...

Au début du processus de la construction européenne la nouveauté de la démarche était visible non seulement pour le nombre réduit des domaines inclus dans le mouvement progressif d'intégration fonctionnelle, mais aussi dans le numéro réduit des institutions et dans la qualité et les compétences possédées par ceux-ci. L'évolution du processus d'intégration européenne a déterminé plusieurs débats tant sur la démocratie interinstitutionnelle que sur le déficit démocratique général dans l'espace communautaire. Cette étude se propose de démontrer d'une manière descriptive l'importance croissante du Parlement européen dans le système institutionnel communautaire, parallèlement en soulignant la diminution du déficit démocratique décisionnel en ce qui concerne cette institution.

What constraints on impartiality govern agency officials responsible for decisions in proceedings other than on-the-record adjudications'? The past few years have witnessed the emergence of a striking body of professional debate, statute, and case law concerning ethics in government and the control of "special interest" influence on governmental decisions. Higher standards for conflict of interest, expanded constraints on ex parte communications, and enlarged concerns about separation of functions within the agencies are parts of this development. Another strand, tangled with the others yet doctrinally distinct, concerns the disqualification of responsible government officials for their prior contacts with or expressions of opinion on issues to be brought before them for decision. In the familiar setting of on-the-record adjudication, near-judicial impartiality is a conceded requisite. Today, arguments for disqualification are being pressed with vigor, and responded to, well beyond this setting. This paper is addressed to these developments.

This article examines the decisional consistency of U.S. Supreme Court justices with lower collegial court experience in a twofold effort to expose the potential policy implications of consistent or inconsistent behavior and to show the value of longitudinal analysis of individual rather than aggregate decisional patterns. The results show a fairly high level of consistent behavior but with marked differences across the case subjects. The article concludes with an assessment of the implications for justice selection processes and Supreme Court decision‐making theory.