Suchergebnisse

This article situates the recent calls for debt remission, or Jubilee, in terms of the history of debt. It goes back to ancient Southwest Asia (and Rome), where we find three functions of debt. It was primarily a means for securing labour of the context of a chronic shortage of labour. Its secondary features included the flow of wealth to the lender and the securing of class differences. However, we need to distinguish debt from credit, since the two are often assumed to be part of the same structure. While debt was extractive, credit was allocative. It relied on a mutual system of knowing interaction among village communities. With these distinctions in mind, it is possible to return to the question of remission or amelioration. On this matter, I argue that such amelioration was only partial and targeted, functioning as a safety valve for an economic system facing crisis. It was also the opportunity for significant political spin, and did little to alleviate the actual problems. The article closes by considering the implications for today

Debts were a structural factor in the lives of small peasants in the entire ancient world. In Archaic Greece, Solon of Athens took the unique measure to cancel all debts, to abolish debt-slavery and to bring back those who had been sold abroad. For this innovation, he drew on the tradition of periodic debt remission and liberation of debt slaves by royal decree in the empires of ancient Mesopotamia, of which he may have heard on his travels in the East. His poems about his legal reforms also display striking similarities with ancient Near Eastern, and specifically Neo-Assyrian official memorials. In contrast to the Near East, at Athens debt-slavery was terminated for ever, but debt remission failed to become entrenched because it contravened the prevailing political values.

Tax remission orders, although rare, serve important functions in the Canadian tax system. This paper draws from a comprehensive study of federal tax remission orders issued between 1998 and 2017. It presents general findings about remission orders in that time period, including remission order applications, their reported costs, and the number of remission orders issued. The paper identifies the five most common categories of reasons cited for granting remission orders. It then applies tax policy analysis to assess the two most frequent reasons for grating remission orders: to provide debt relief for financial hardship and/or extenuating circumstances, and to provide remedies for government errors and delays. This study also highlights concerns about the federal tax remission order system and provides recommendations for improving its fairness, transparency, and accountability.

Describes the Jubilee 2000 coalition & its efforts to publicize the global problem of debt during the G8 summit in May 1998. The symbol & objective of the human chain organized by the coalition in Birmingham, England, with a crowd of over 70,000 people is detailed. Discussion of the configuration & principles of the coalition (creating a campaign of debt remission across several continents) precedes a conclusion that removing the "cancer" of debt, like removing the cancer of slavery, will speed the process of achieving justice & liberty globally. R. Rodriguez

Liberation theology's response to global economic processes is investigated, focusing on the Church's attempt to assist poor peoples who have been negatively affected by global economics. Although liberation theology was expected to provide guidance for Christian officials who had to address globalization processes, it is asserted that this perspective failed to adequately articulate its own theory about market economies. In addition, it is contended that liberation theology has fallen short of proffering a comprehensive model for creating a political state. After noting that any future political system can only partially coincide with the Christian vision because of religious pluralism & secularism, two strategies that adhere to Christian scripture for rectifying the problems caused by globalization are presented. The need to not perceive the Church as a civil society organization is subsequently articulated. Despite the Church's success in combating poverty through its debt remission campaign, it is stated that the economic problems experienced through globalization by the world's poorest nations will not be resolved through the remission of debts. The issue of whether globalization processes will change the Church itself is also considered. J. W. Parker

Da die Zahl der Insolvenzen von Unternehmen kontinuierlich ansteigt, stellt sich für viele Betroffene die Frage, wie Gewinne aus steuerlicher Sicht zu behandeln sind, wenn sie durch einen Schulderlass im Rahmen eines gerichtlichen Insolvenzverfahrens entstehen. Für einen insolventen Unternehmer ist es daher essentiell, dass der Gesetzgeber für Gewinne iSd § 36 EStG bzw § 23a KStG steuerliche Sondervorschriften vorsieht. Aus diesem Grund hat die vorliegende Arbeit zum Ziel, die steuerliche Behandlung dieser Gewinne näher zu beleuchten. Daher wird zunächst ein allgemeiner Überblick über die im Gesetz normierten, begünstigten insolvenzrechtlichen Entschuldungsformen gegeben und das zentrale Instrument, der betrieblich bedingte Schulderlass, näher beschrieben. Bezugnehmend auf das Körperschaftsteuerrecht ist entscheidend, dass der Forderungsverzicht zum Zweck der Sanierung erfolgt und der Betrieb in weiterer Folge fortgeführt wird. Davon unterscheidet sich die Entschuldung einer natürlichen Person insofern, dass die Fortführung des Betriebes nicht notwendig ist, weshalb auch ein Gewinn im Privatkonkurs einer begünstigten Besteuerung unterliegt. Anschließend zeigt die Arbeit anhand einiger Beispiele eine konkrete Darstellung der rechnerischen Ermittlung sowie der Verlustverrechnungsmöglichkeiten in Bezug auf Sanierungsgewinne. Wegen unterschiedlicher Ansichten in Lehre und Rsp sowie aufgrund von Besonderheiten, bedarf auch der begünstigte Gewinn beim Einnahmen-Ausgaben-Rechner, bei der Mitunternehmerschaft als auch innerhalb einer Gruppe iSd § 9 KStG einer eigenständigen Analyse. Des Weiteren stellt die Arbeit die Problematik des Umsatzsteuerrechts in Zusammenhang mit einem Insolvenzverfahren und die dadurch erforderliche Vorsteuer- bzw Umsatzsteuerkorrektur iSd § 16 UStG dar. Zum Schluss werden die verfahrensrechtliche Durchführung der Steuerfestsetzung im Zuge der Einkommen- und Körperschaftsteuer sowie die Optionen außerhalb eines Insolvenzverfahrens aufgezeigt. ; As the number of insolvencies of companies is continually increasing, for many concerned people the question arises, how to deal with profits from a tax point of view, if they result from debt remissions within legal insolvency proceedings. Therefore it is crucial for an insolvent entrepreneur that the legislator provides special tax provisions for profits in terms of § 36 EStG and § 23a KStG. For this reason the aim of the present thesis is to clarify the tax treatment of these profits. First of all the thesis gives a general overview of legally determined, favored forms of insolvency proceedings and focuses on the debt remission in more detail. Referring to the corporation tax law it is essential that the waiver occurs for the purpose of regeneration and that the company is continued consequently. On the contrary to that, the debt relief of a natural person differs in the fact that the continuation of the business is not necessary. Therefore a profit of the private bankruptcy is also included in a benefitting taxation. Afterwards the thesis gives a practical representation of the constructed calculation and the loss offset options regarding to restructuring profits with the help of examples. Because of different opinions in literature and jurisdiction as well as due to specifics, the favored profit of sole proprietor by cash-based accounting, of partnerships and within business groups as defined by § 9 KStG also require an independent analysis. Subsequently, the thesis presents the problem of VAT law in relation to insolvency proceedings and the hereby necessary input tax and VAT corrections of § 16 UStG. In the end, the procedural implementation of tax assessment in the course of income and corporation tax as well as the options outside of insolvency proceedings are shown ; von Verena Niederl ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2017 ; (VLID)1825326

ABSTRACT: The material presents an analysis of the evolution of the insolvency approach at the level of the European Union as a result of the economic-financial crisis from 2009-2013 and beyond. As is well known, the Member States of the European Union have different legal systems, and their harmonization has been and is a desideratum of the management of this entity of public international law, but the practical materialization encounters a series of difficulties. Insolvency is an area of commercial law, and it has undergone a remarkable evolution lately, given on the one hand the evolution of the economy, but also the strong influence of Anglo-Saxon legislation that has proven to be much more effective. In practice. Hardly, but surely, the traditionalist legal systems for which bankruptcy is a punishment, have embraced the idea that a remedial bankruptcy is much more beneficial to the economy and have changed domestic law. At this stage, with similar domestic insolvency laws at Member State level, the European Union's leadership is in a position to adopt uniform and extremely useful rules for its economy. KEYWORDS: insolvency, restructuring, second chance, honest debtor, risk prevention, debt remission

The paper reviews the basics of development and implementation of the debt policy of Ukraine, outlines its formation principles and establishes requirements to normative legal documents which specify administrative measures in the field of the public debt.The research conducted shows that the main normative legal documents which govern activities of state administration bodies responsible for the debt policy implementation are the State Budget and the Program for State Debt Management of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine. An analysis of the structure of the above documents and ensuing governmental regulations of Ukraine indicates that the national debt policy is not a separate link of the public financial administration, it is shaped subsequent to the results of managerial decisions in the field of monetary relations, changes in the taxation system, operation of the efficiency control system of national taxes, the government deficit level, impacts of foreign economic factors etc.It is proved that debt operations in Ukraine (internal and external borrowings, issues of securities, refinancing etc.) are becoming a factor of economic risk for the state budget whereas the debt budget itself is becoming a destabilization factor. The budgetary policy of Ukraine, which is primarily aimed at maximization of tax collection, results in distortion of the public finance system and aggravates the economic status of numerous industries. The public debt service expenses are however still increasing and require public borrowings which keep growing year by year.The author indicates that the most unsuccessful decisions of the national leadership, which brought about a higher public debt, are the issue of internal public bonds for capitalization of the Privatbank PJSC in 2017 and poor state control over quasi-fiscal operations which may result in default of national Compulsory Social Insurance Funds on their obligations, accumulation of debts on VAT refund, remission of dead tax debts, instalment payment and deferral of money liabilities or tax debts of taxpayers, attraction of sovereign credits by resident economic entities, debt restructuring of such entities with public guarantees, supply of natural gas to heat-and-power engineering companies for generation of thermal energy at preferential prices, accrued receivables of the National Joint-Stock Company 'Naftogaz Ukrainy' for sale of natural gas to the population and heat-and-power engineering companies. ; В статье рассматриваются принципы формирования и реализации долговой политики Украины, а также отдельные критерии оценки ее эффективности. Определена роль долговой политики в достижении целей макроэкономической стабильности и преодоления финансово-экономического кризиса. Исследован широкий спектр положений нормативно-правовых документов по формированию и внедрению долговой политики Украины на современном этапе. Оценены роль и виды рисков, связанных с формированием и реализацией долговой политики. Определена последовательность действий соответствующих государственных органов по формированию мероприятий по управлению государственным долгом, обеспечению публичности и прозрачности в сфере государственных финансов и государственного долга в частности. ; У статті розглядаються засади формування та реалізації боргової політики України, а також окремі критерії оцінки її ефективності. Визначено роль боргової політики в досягненні цілей макроекономічної стабільності та подоланні фінансово-економічної кризи. Досліджено широкий спектр положень нормативно-правових документів щодо формування та впровадження боргової політики України на сучасному етапі. Оцінено роль та види ризиків, пов'язаних із формуванням та реалізацією боргової політики. Окреслено послідовність дій відповідних державних органів щодо формування заходів з управління державним боргом, забезпечення публічності та прозорості у сфері державних фінансів і державного боргу зокрема.

The paper reviews the basics of development and implementation of the debt policy of Ukraine, outlines its formation principles and establishes requirements to normative legal documents which specify administrative measures in the field of the public debt.The research conducted shows that the main normative legal documents which govern activities of state administration bodies responsible for the debt policy implementation are the State Budget and the Program for State Debt Management of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine. An analysis of the structure of the above documents and ensuing governmental regulations of Ukraine indicates that the national debt policy is not a separate link of the public financial administration, it is shaped subsequent to the results of managerial decisions in the field of monetary relations, changes in the taxation system, operation of the efficiency control system of national taxes, the government deficit level, impacts of foreign economic factors etc.It is proved that debt operations in Ukraine (internal and external borrowings, issues of securities, refinancing etc.) are becoming a factor of economic risk for the state budget whereas the debt budget itself is becoming a destabilization factor. The budgetary policy of Ukraine, which is primarily aimed at maximization of tax collection, results in distortion of the public finance system and aggravates the economic status of numerous industries. The public debt service expenses are however still increasing and require public borrowings which keep growing year by year.The author indicates that the most unsuccessful decisions of the national leadership, which brought about a higher public debt, are the issue of internal public bonds for capitalization of the Privatbank PJSC in 2017 and poor state control over quasi-fiscal operations which may result in default of national Compulsory Social Insurance Funds on their obligations, accumulation of debts on VAT refund, remission of dead tax debts, instalment payment and deferral of money liabilities or tax debts of taxpayers, attraction of sovereign credits by resident economic entities, debt restructuring of such entities with public guarantees, supply of natural gas to heat-and-power engineering companies for generation of thermal energy at preferential prices, accrued receivables of the National Joint-Stock Company 'Naftogaz Ukrainy' for sale of natural gas to the population and heat-and-power engineering companies. ; В статье рассматриваются принципы формирования и реализации долговой политики Украины, а также отдельные критерии оценки ее эффективности. Определена роль долговой политики в достижении целей макроэкономической стабильности и преодоления финансово-экономического кризиса. Исследован широкий спектр положений нормативно-правовых документов по формированию и внедрению долговой политики Украины на современном этапе. Оценены роль и виды рисков, связанных с формированием и реализацией долговой политики. Определена последовательность действий соответствующих государственных органов по формированию мероприятий по управлению государственным долгом, обеспечению публичности и прозрачности в сфере государственных финансов и государственного долга в частности. ; У статті розглядаються засади формування та реалізації боргової політики України, а також окремі критерії оцінки її ефективності. Визначено роль боргової політики в досягненні цілей макроекономічної стабільності та подоланні фінансово-економічної кризи. Досліджено широкий спектр положень нормативно-правових документів щодо формування та впровадження боргової політики України на сучасному етапі. Оцінено роль та види ризиків, пов'язаних із формуванням та реалізацією боргової політики. Окреслено послідовність дій відповідних державних органів щодо формування заходів з управління державним боргом, забезпечення публічності та прозорості у сфері державних фінансів і державного боргу зокрема.

With five years to go until 2000 is upon us the debt campaign is at present concentrating on two elements important for success. The first is capturing and extending what might be described as grass-roots interest: signs already have appeared of some sympathy with, and even support for, the campaign among economists, bankers, civil servants, diplomats, and politicians; discreet encouragement from the inner courts of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank has been recorded. The second is a change in the international, political, and intellectual climate to favour remission.

En este trabajo, nos centraremos en primer lugar, en el análisis de las recomendaciones de organismos supranacionales relativas a la necesidad de implantar mecanismos de segunda oportunidad para personas físicas, y por tanto, también para consumidores. Comentaremos, como un sector de la doctrina aboga por una regulación unitaria de estos sistemas de segunda oportunidad tanto para empresarios persona física como para consumidores. En segundo lugar, desarrollaremos y estudiaremos, la a nuestro juicio, oscura y dispersa normativa en materia de remisión de deudas a personas físicas hasta la entrada en vigor de la Ley 25/2015, de 28 de julio, de mecanismo de segunda oportunidad, reducción de carga financiera y otras medidas de orden social. Paso seguido, practicaremos un examen del contenido de la citada norma, poniendo un énfasis especial en la figura del "beneficio de exoneración del pasivo insatisfecho" de la persona física y su incidencia en el consumidor. También, detallaremos otras modificaciones introducidas por la Ley 25/2015, referentes a la creación de un nuevo acuerdo extrajudicial de pagos para consumidores en la Ley Concursal, la ampliación del ámbito de aplicación del Código de Buenas Prácticas del Real Decreto-Ley 6/2012 y el aumento del periodo de suspensión de lanzamientos regulado en la Ley 1/2013, haciendo las correspondientes reflexiones personales al respecto sobre estas modificaciones normativas. Veremos además, como algunos parlamentos autonómicos están aprobando normas que contienen mecanismos de segunda oportunidad para consumidores insolventes. Para finalizar, formularemos algunas conclusiones relativas a la necesidad de establecer mecanismos de segunda oportunidad para personas físicas en aras del desarrollo económico. ; In this paper we shall focus in the first place on analysing the recommendations made by supranational organizations regarding the necessity of establishing fresh start mechanisms for individuals, and therefore, for consumers. We will show how a school of doctrine opts for a uniform regulation of the fresh start systems, both for natural person businessmen as well as for the consumers. In the second place we will develop and study what, in our view, is an obscure and dispersed regulation relating debt remission for natural persons previous to the implementation of the Ley 25/2015, de 28 de julio, which regulates the fresh start mechanism, the reductions of financial burden and other social measures. Next we will examine the aforementioned rule, paying special attention to the exoneration benefit of the unpaid liability of the natural persons and its impact on the consumer. We will also detail other changes made by the Ley 25/2015, regarding the establishment of a new extrajudicial payment agreement for consumers in the Insolvency Law; the widening of the scope of application of the Code of Good Practice of the Real Decreto-Ley 6/2012 and the extension of the period of suspension for evictions regulated in the ley 1/2013. We will add some personal reflexions about these legislative changes. We will also analyse how some autonomous parliaments are laying down regulations which contain fresh start mechanisms for insolvent consumers. Lastly we will draw some conclusions relating the necessity of establishing fresh start mechanisms for the natural persons in the name of economic development.