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Many state‐of‐the‐art climate models do not simulate the Atlantic Water (AW) layer in the Arctic Ocean realistically enough to address the question of future Arctic Atlantification and its associated feedback. Biases concerning the AW layer are commonly related to insufficient resolution and excessive mixing in the ocean component as well as unrealistic Atlantic‐Arctic Ocean exchange. Based on sensitivity experiments with FESOM1.4, the ocean–sea‐ice component of the global climate model AWI‐CM1, we show that even if all impediments for simulating AW realistically are addressed in the ocean model, new biases in the AW layer develop after coupling to an atmosphere model. By replacing the wind forcing over the Arctic with winds from a coupled simulation we show that a common bias in the atmospheric sea level pressure (SLP) gradient and its associated wind bias lead to differences in surface stress and Ekman transport. Fresh surface water gets redistributed leading to changes in halosteric height distribution. Those changes lead to strengthening of the anticyclonic surface circulation in the Canadian Basin, so that the deep counterflow carrying warm AW gets reversed and a warm bias in the Canadian Basin develops. The SLP and anticyclonic wind bias in the Nordic Seas weaken the cyclonic circulation leading to reduced AW transport into the Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait but increased AW transport through the Barents Sea Opening. These effects together lead to a cold bias in the Eurasian Basin. An underestimation of sea ice concentration can significantly amplify the induced ocean biases. ; Plain Language Summary: Coupled global climate models are used to predict anthropogenic climate change along with its impacts. The Arctic has experienced amplified warming in the recent decades compared to global mean warming and therefore is one region of intense climate research. In this context Atlantification of the Arctic Ocean has become a high priority topic. Atlantification describes the increasing impact of oceanic heat from the Atlantic Water (AW) layer of the Arctic Ocean on the sea ice cover. In climate models, the direction and strength of simulated AW circulation around the Arctic Ocean is known to be sensitive to ocean grid resolution, parametrization, boundary and surface forcing or a combination thereof. Here we show that biases in the atmospheric component of climate models can interrupt and even reverse the simulated AW circulation at depth. Such biases can be further amplified by a negative bias in simulated sea ice cover. This study shows how these surface biases can negatively impact the deep ocean circulation. ; Key Points: Many state‐of‐the‐art climate models fail to simulate the properties of the Atlantic Water layer in the Arctic Ocean realistically. Biases in Arctic sea level pressure and surface winds in atmosphere models can reverse Atlantic Water circulation. The underestimation of sea‐ice cover amplifies this problem further. ; European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program ; Helmholtz Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318

The purported injury is based on diversion of resources.

"August 1971." ; "DDC-TAS-71-43." ; Unclassified, AD-729 840. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This paper presents an extended case study to demonstrate that the interpretation of clinical trials of antiviral AIDS drugs is significantly shaped by a widely dispersed allocation of scientific credibility. Specifically, the participation of AIDS activists in claims-making about AIDS trials and AIDS drugs complicates the politics of therapeutic evaluation, even as it challenges the monopolization of credibility by credentialed researchers. The paper tracks the social construction of belief about the efficacy of the combination therapy of AZT and ddC, between 1990 and 1995 in the United States. By intervening simultaneously in interpretative debates about the results of the clinical trials of this therapy and in methodological debates about how efficacy might best be measured in such trials, activists have helped to shape what is believed to be known about these drugs.