Suchergebnisse

Environmental legislation has made it necessary for livestockproducers to be able to quantify and adjust the N balance on their farms. Whole-farm N balance and efficiencies were computed for 41 commercial dairies in Utah and Idaho using the University of Maryland Nutrient Balancer. The average N balance, or unaccounted for N, was 81 tonnes per year for the average herd size of 466 cows with 35.8% of the inputs accounted for in the outputs. The major inputs for farms that grew crops (n = 23, herd size = 284 total cows) were imported feed (57.4% of all inputs) and nitrogen fixation (30% of inputs). The major outputs were animal products (primarily milk and some meat, 80% of outputs). For farms that grew no crops (n = 18, herd size = 700 total cows), 98% of the inputs were from imported feed. Of the outputs, 57% of the N was in animal products and 42.9% in manure and compost. Whole-farm balance per product for those farms that grew crops was most affected by herd N utilization efficiency (kg feed N per kg product N), crop N utilization efficiency, and availability of manure N applied to crops, while manure N storage efficiency was of lesser importance. For farms that grew no crops, whole-farm N balance per product was most affected by herd N utilization efficiency and manure N storage efficiency. Maximizing conversion of feed N to product N was the best way to reduce whole-farm N balance.

Purpose: The objective of this research is to evaluate changes in the economic sustainability of dairy farms in the European Union (EU) countries during 2007-2016 when dairy quotas were being removed in the EU. We wanted to answer the question what is the economic sustainability of dairy farms in the EU, and how has the economic sustainability in the EU countries changed after the accession of new member states in 2004 and 2017. Design/Approach/Methodology: An economic sustainability assessment of farms was conducted using the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) census data with several economic efficiency indicators. We analyzed variables using the Hellwig method. Findings: Results indicate that milk production increased in almost all the countries of the EU, as did their economies. The largest annual increase in standard output (SO) was in Denmark, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Sweden and United Kingdom. In turn, the smallest annual increase in SO was in Lithuania, Bulgaria, Latvia and Poland. Dairy farms in the Czech Republic and Denmark had the highest economic sustainability, while dairy farms in Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, Romania and Slovenia had the lowest economic sustainability. Practical Implications: While not providing a comprehensive assessment, the indicators used do provide important information about economic impacts related to the scale and distribution of production, difference in labor cost, sources of income and maintenance of farms. Originality/Value: Modern dairy farms must have production efficiency and environmental compliance to achieve sustainability. Much of the current literature focuses on the efficiency and environmental aspects of sustainability and there is a lack of data that assesses economic sustainability. ; peer-reviewed

Abstract
In 2013 the population of dairy cattle in Indonesia had reached 636,000 head with a 4.61% growth rate per year. The inputs were energy, water, and feed. These inputs produced outputs, such as emissions, solid waste and liquid waste. This research compared the maintenance systems in modern farms and local farms. The data were collected from 30 local farmers and one modern farm. This research used the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. LCA is based on ISO 14040. LCA consists of several stages: the goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation. This research used the cradle to gate concept and fat corrected milk (FCM) as the function unit. The impacts of these activities could generate global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP). The calculations showed that the systems in local farms had the greatest emissions result over all impacts. In the case of local farms, the GWP was 2.34 kg CO2 eq/L of milk FCM, AP was 0.12 g SO2 eq/L of milk FCM, and EP was 18.28 g




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eq/L milk FCM. While the impact from the modern farm was GWP of 1.52 kg CO2 eq/L of milk FCM, AP of 0.02 g SO2 eq/L of milk FCM, and EP of 0.353 g




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eq/L of milk FCM. Based on the total-weighted result, the GWP had the greatest impact from the overall life cycle phase of milk production. The total-weighted result obtained was of 0.298 EUR/L of FCM from a local farm and 0.189 EUR/L of FCM from the modern farm. This amount could be used to remediate the global warming, acidification, and eutrophication impacts of milk production.

AbstractThe 1985 tax data for 120 dairy farm businesses was used to determine the effects of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on taxes paid by dairy farmers. Taxes before credits peak in 1991 without capitalization and in 1987 with capitalization of pre‐productive expenses. Carryover of investment tax credit limits tax increases for a few years, particularly for middle income dairymen. Modification of the ratio of regular depreciable to capitalizable property caused by changes in culling rates can alter the optimal capitalization election decision. In the long run, average taxes will increase about 170 percent.

The Czech dairy sector experienced dramatic changes after the accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union. The development after the year 2004 can be characterized by a reduction in the number of cows, growth in the milk yield, capital market imperfections, strong dependency of the local farm price on the world market price development and strong dependency of farm performance on policy measurement, namely quotas and subsidies. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the profitability and efficiency of Czech dairy farms from the point of view of less favoured areas (LFAs) and with respect to the policy measurement changes. The evaluation will be addressed using two main methods, namely stochastic frontier estimation and Spearman correlation coefficient computation. The calculations and estimations are based on unbalanced panel data of Czech dairy farms–local entities drawn from the Registr32 database and the State Agricultural Intervention Fund database. The data set covers the period from 2004 to 2013.

Food systems are increasingly characterised by specialisation and separation between ani-mal and crop production, as well as the use of food suitable for human consumption for feed. The regionalisation of production creates hotspots for environmental degradation and decreases the resource use efficiency. A concept opposed to this system is agro-ecological diversification, which creates links between animals and plants and seeks to harness the positive role that livestock can play in food production. This thesis explores the relationship between agro-ecological diversification and the EU and Swedish agricultural policy to understand the role that policy can play, in the present and in the future, to enhance crop-livestock integration. Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with actors working with the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and were then integrated with a literature and policy review. The results show the insufficient role that the CAP plays in encouraging agro-ecological diversification, especially due to con-flicting priorities and an increased market and productivist orientation. Direct payments to farmers do not seem to have a direct effect, but they might deviate resources to agro-eco-logical diversification measures. Nevertheless, some positive measures were found, such as investment support, support for organic production and promotion of short food supply chains. Voluntary Coupled Support might also create, in Sweden, the prerequisites for a more diversified system. From these findings, it is recommended that Swedish policy mak-ers tailor their policy measures and priorities towards an integrated production, the promo-tion of crops for human consumption and the correction of market externalities.

This paper aims to analyse the technical efficiency (TE) of dairy farms and find its determinants. To accomplish this problem, the Stochastic Frontier Analysis was applied. The data were obtained from the Farm Accountancy Data Network database for dairy farms (TF15-45—Specialist dairying) for 2004–2019. Dairy farms were divided into four clusters according to their physical size (number of livestock units per farm) and economic size (standard output per farm). The largest farms by physical and economic size are located in Denmark and Cyprus. The smallest, in comparison, are in Bulgaria, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Austria, Poland, Romania, and Slovenia. Farms in the EU are relatively technically efficient, i.e., they use their resources efficiently to produce maximum output (production). However, they have the potential to achieve better economic results and be more competitive, as the size of farms' is not fully optimised. The abolition of the milk quota can be considered a factor in improving technical efficiency, as the indicator is higher after the abolition. New and old member states have almost comparable technical efficiency levels (the p-value of the t-test is 0.463), with old members having slightly higher level TE. Subsidies have contradictory effects on TE. Farm efficiency with higher subsidies per cow is higher for farms with €51–100/cow. However, as subsidies increase, TE decreases. Only the group of farms with the highest subsidies has a higher TE. More diversified farms are more technically efficient than specialised farms. Milk yield did not influence the analysed indicator. The analysis results can serve the stakeholders as a tool for modelling future agricultural policy, as the European farms are very heterogenous and show different conditions and economic outcomes.