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Abstract
This study examined the prevalence, socioeconomic and cognitive barriers of coronavirus vaccinations in Nigeria. The study used an ex-post facto design. 526-participants were sampled using snowball sampling technique. A questionnaire pack containing socio-demographics and a 13-item adapted scale of SYKES was used. Findings revealed the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy (61.7%). Adolescents (83.8%) recorded more hesitancy than participants in early-adulthood (62.7%), middle-adulthood (53.1%), and late-adulthood (53%). Males (83.8%) showed hesitancy than the females (33.3%). More so, the primary (62.5%) and secondary school certificate holders (41.4%) scored more on hesitancy than tertiary certificate holders (36.0%). The identified perceived barriers to vaccinations are: safety (91%); government distrust (75.5%) and coerciveness (65.7%), vaccines efficacy (62.5%), complacency (65.7%), and constraints to vaccination center (55.5%). Conclusively, vaccination hesitancy was found more among males and younger respondents. Safety and efficacy of the vaccines, government distrust, coercive approach, and complacency were found as major barriers.

Introduction
Despite widespread efforts to promote coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination in the United States, a significant segment of the population is still unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated.


Objective
The objective of this study was to understand attitudes toward the vaccine in patients presenting to an urban emergency department.


Methods
We used a qualitative analysis and semistructured interviews with a convenience sample of patients presenting to an urban emergency department from January 18, 2021, to March 14, 2021. Our final sample consisted of 32 people.


Results
We found that people trusted their own medical providers rather than popular or political figures. Critiques of the vaccination program highlighted difficulties in navigation and perceptions of inequity.


Conclusions
Equitable distribution strategies and honest messaging may facilitate acceptance of the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine. Trustworthy sources for vaccine knowledge should be used to target populations in which vaccine hesitancy is a persistent concern.

The article offers a solution to the problem of effective communication through the construction of discursive technology that is called the "Smart Tuning" technology (STT). It is positioned as one of the most effective means of achieving results in media discourse. The STT is aimed at identifying cognitive-communicative parameters and linguocognitive mechanisms that enhance the impact. The main methods used in the research include cognitive modeling, inference-driven interpretation and linguoaxiological analysis. One of the hot topics today "coronavirus vaccination" allows us to demonstrate how media discourse is managed through the powers of discourse. The peculiarities are highlighted and the hard, soft and smart discourse powers example analysis is provided. It is proved that the action of each power is based on revealed parameters (the situation attractiveness, the horizon of the addressee's expectations, the communication mode, the strength of the addresser's position, the message attraction, harmonization, modalization, patterning, multimodality, synergy, sense-rhythmic modulations, tension) and is promoted by mechanisms (involvement, defocusing, dialogization, imagining, inspiration, metaphorization, personalization, positioning, reframing, spin-doctoring, focusing, framing). It is shown that, depending on the social status of the addressee, the relationship between the addresser and the addressee, the strength of the addresser's position, the message importance, the most effective discursive power are selected to provide more efficient impact. Such mechanisms as focusing, framing, imagining, positioning were revealed as the most frequent. In the future, it is possible to expand the analysis on the material of other discourse types in other languages.

Digital-Health Tourism Innovation (DTI) worldwide is in its infancy due to the emergent of coronavirus (COVID-19) disease. With the growth of open geometa data, use of government electronic services including electronic health (e-health), electronic commerce (e-commerce) and mobile health (m-health), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning strategies. Health and primary healthcare sectors are currently adopting these innovations for socio-economic wellbeing. Digital-health (also termed as e-health) is part of digital tourism innovation. Adapting geometa data profiling to develop a digital-health tourism framework for Primary Healthcare Workers (PHWs) to use mobile health technologies in COVID-19 vaccination trials are the key challenges of this study. Nevertheless, digital health tourism skills have been launched in developing Nations that created thousands of jobs to protect digital tourism businesses from potential vulnerabilities. Despite the benefits of this novel innovation, its deployment and implementation have been treated by inadequate of ICT facilities, lack of geometa data pre-processing to remove noise, data integrity, insufficient of academic research fundings, and reliable research methodology beyond COVID-19 vaccination trials to highlight these aspects. Therefore, qualitative, and quantitative research methods using Precaution Adoption Model Process (PAMP) questionnaire are employed to enable new ways of pre-processing behavior intention factors items. Eight academic researchers who were conversant with digital health technology validated 28 behavior intention factors with average factor loading values of 50% to 75%. Pilot survey conducted among 700 respondents from March 18, 2020, to September 10, 2021, among them are undergraduate students that may use this technology for research purposes. Pre-processed geometa data have shown percentage frequency counts of internet access and other online services 8% to 95%, adapted training factors 49% to 92% and factor items 34% to 78.3% for hypothesis generation towards development of digital health tourism framework in finding explanation to COVID-19 economic challenges. Except behavior intention factors and factor items insights are known and mapped, mobile health technology design process may result in poor conclusions. Thus, patients recovered from COVID-19 infection can still be infected again.

ObjectivesPeople experiencing homelessness (PEH) have higher incidence of underlying health conditions that increase the risk of COVID-19 related complications. Achieving high vaccination coverage in a timely manner was therefore important for this group. We aimed to quantify the coverage and the timeliness of coronavirus vaccination among PEH in Wales.
ApproachAnalysis was conducted using a population spine of people ≥ 18 years old continuously resident in Wales, UK, between July 2020 and November 2021. Data from health and substance use services were used to flag people who had experienced homelessness. The percentage of people receiving at least one dose of the coronavirus vaccination between 2nd December 2020 and 30th November 2021 was derived and logistic regression used to estimate the effect of experiencing homelessness on the odds of vaccination. Cumulative incidence plots and Restricted Meant Survival Time analysis were used to examine the timeliness of vaccination by homelessness status.
ResultsThe proportion of people vaccinated by 30th November 2021 was roughly 26% points lower among PEH than 'not-homeless' people. Adjusted logistic regression found that people experiencing homelessness had lower odds of having received a first vaccine dose by 30th November 2021 (OR = 0.4, p < 0.01). Since the start of the mass vaccination programme in Wales in December 2020, PEH went unvaccinated for on average 90 days longer than the general 'not-homeless' population, and 55 days longer than an exact match 'not-homeless' group. Visual analysis of the cumulative incidence plots found that at all points during the mass vaccination programme in Wales, the probability of being vaccinated was lower for PEH than 'not-homeless' groups.
ConclusionPEH appear to have been under-engaged as part of the mass vaccination programme in Wales. This has led to lower overall vaccination rates and more time unvaccinated, potentially exposing PEH to greater risk of COVID-19 complications and mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether demographic variation in vaccine hesitancy can be explained by trust and healthcare experiences. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Data collected online in April 2021. PARTICIPANTS: Data were collected from 4885 UK resident adults, of whom 3223 had received the invitation to be vaccinated against the novel coronavirus and could therefore be included in the study. 1629 included participants identified as female and 1594 as male. 234 identified as belonging to other than white ethnic groups, while 2967 identified as belonging to white ethnic groups. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Uptake of coronavirus vaccination. RESULTS: Membership of an other than white ethnic group (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.53, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.84, p=0.005) and age (AOR=1.61, 95% CI 1.39 to 1.87, p<0.001 for a 1 SD change from the mean) were the only statistically significant demographic predictors of vaccine uptake. After controls for National Health Service (NHS) healthcare experiences and trust in government, scientists and medical professionals, the effect associated with membership of an other than white ethnic group appears more marginal (AOR=0.61, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.01, p=0.046), while the effect associated with age remains virtually unchanged. Exploratory analysis suggests that NHS healthcare experiences mediate 24% (95% CI 8% to 100%, p=0.024) of the association between ethnicity and uptake, while trust mediates 94% (95% CI 56% to 100%, p=0.001) of the association between NHS healthcare experiences and uptake. CONCLUSIONS: Members of other than white ethnic groups report inferior NHS healthcare experiences, potentially explaining their lower reported trust in government, scientists and medical professionals. However, this does not fully explain the ethnic gap in coronavirus vaccination uptake.

Objective: To test whether demographic variation in vaccine hesitancy can be explained by trust and healthcare experiences. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Data collected online in April 2021. Participants: Data were collected from 4885 UK resident adults, of whom 3223 had received the invitation to be vaccinated against the novel coronavirus and could therefore be included in the study. 1629 included participants identified as female and 1594 as male. 234 identified as belonging to other than white ethnic groups, while 2967 identified as belonging to white ethnic groups. Primary and secondary outcome measures: Uptake of coronavirus vaccination. Results: Membership of an other than white ethnic group (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.53, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.84, p=0.005) and age (AOR=1.61, 95% CI 1.39 to 1.87, p<0.001 for a 1 SD change from the mean) were the only statistically significant demographic predictors of vaccine uptake. After controls for National Health Service (NHS) healthcare experiences and trust in government, scientists and medical professionals, the effect associated with membership of an other than white ethnic group appears more marginal (AOR=0.61, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.01, p=0.046), while the effect associated with age remains virtually unchanged. Exploratory analysis suggests that NHS healthcare experiences mediate 24% (95% CI 8% to 100%, p=0.024) of the association between ethnicity and uptake, while trust mediates 94% (95% CI 56% to 100%, p=0.001) of the association between NHS healthcare experiences and uptake. Conclusions: Members of other than white ethnic groups report inferior NHS healthcare experiences, potentially explaining their lower reported trust in government, scientists and medical professionals. However, this does not fully explain the ethnic gap in coronavirus vaccination uptake.

The article is devoted to the issues of preventing the novel coronavirus infection in Georgia during the pandemic and the influence of the religious judgments of the Georgian Orthodox Church on them. Based on data from open sources the article describes the state of the healthcare system in Georgia during the coronavirus pandemic. A retrospective analysis of the reform of the country's healthcare system in the post-Soviet period was performed, shedding light on its readiness for significant challenges, such as the pandemic. Thereby the reasons for the population's distrust of the public healthcare system in general and the preventive measures it offers in the form of vaccination become clear. Much attention is paid to the relationship between the state and the church, as well as their attitude to the issues of preventing infection through vaccination and influencing public opinion. A set of measures taken by the government to localize the infection, aimed at preventing its further spread, is analyzed. Against the background of a description of the attitude of the clergy to the coronavirus pandemic in other countries, both the main position of the Georgian Orthodox Church regarding the disease and preventive measures, as well as the views of individual hierarchs, which do not always coincide with the official opinion of the Synod, are demonstrated. In addition, the author illustrates the history of the protest movement in Georgia during the pandemic, associated with state policy regarding measures to prevent the novel coronavirus infection. Separately, information is presented from the author's field material obtained from informants during the pandemic, demonstrating different views on the issues of observance of religious rituals during the pandemic, trust in the healthcare system, and vaccination as a preventive measure supported by the state. In conclusion, the consequences about the issues posed by the coronavirus pandemic to the Georgian government are demonstrated, such as the availability and quality of medical care, as well as the interaction of the institutions of the secular state and the Georgian Orthodox Church.

ZusammenfassungDie Ankündigung einer Impfpflicht im November 2021 in Österreich steht in einer langen Reihe politischer Verordnungen zur Eindämmung der COVID-19-Pandemie. Diese als Eingriffe eines interventionistischen Staates in private Belange wahrgenommenen Maßnahmen hatten umfassende Proteste und Kritik zur Folge. Deren Deutung als verschwörungstheoretische Haltung am gesellschaftlichen Rand ist nicht mit der Bandbreite von Institutionen- und Wissenschaftsskepsis kompatibel, die in der Ablehnung der COVID-19-Impfung zum Ausdruck kommt. Der vorliegende Beitrag präsentiert die Befunde ethnographischer Interviews mit maßnahmenkritischen Personen in der Mitte der Gesellschaft. Die Kombination von Lebensweltanalyse und Subjektivierungsanalyse fördert diskursbezogene Selbstpositionierungen und deren Relevanzsetzungen sowie die Verschiebung sozialer Bezugnahmen während der Pandemie zutage. Die empirisch gewonnene Selbstpositionierung als "wissende Minderheit ohne Resonanzraum" offenbart die Erfahrung eines Wir, das sich als Bezugsgruppe im Sinne von "small lifeworlds" darstellt. Ihre Rekonstruktion legt ein transformatorisches Potenzial frei, das nicht zuletzt im Hinblick auf die zu gewärtigende Interventionspolitik zur Bewältigung der Klimakrise gesellschaftlich relevant sein dürfte.

ObjectivesCOVID-19 vaccination uptake was lower in school-age children compared to older age groups. Our study aims to understand factors associated with uptake in school-age children and how vaccination programme affected infection rates in school settings.
ApproachThis study utilises existing administrative data sources to create a children's health data asset. The core study population includes over 8 million pupils registered in English state schools whose records have been linked to NHS Test and Trace data and National Immunisation Management Service (NIMS) data. Census 2021 data will also be included enriching the data on background characteristics of each pupil. Taking into account the school attended will allow for analysis into the clustering of infections and the impact of overall school vaccination rates on infections.
ResultsInitial analyses have provided detailed insights into vaccine uptake and its impact on infection. For example, vaccination uptake was found to vary by ethnic group, with Chinese (75%) and Indian (65.7%) 12–15-year-olds most likely to be vaccinated by January 2022. Those in receipt of free school meals (FSM) were less likely to have been vaccinated than non-FSM pupils (35.9% compared with 58.9%); However, there was a wide range in vaccination rates between different schools with similar levels of deprivation.
We also found that the rate of reporting a positive test in the first half of the Autumn 2021 term was estimated to be 38% higher for unvaccinated pupils in comparison to pupils vaccinated with one dose (following 14 days after vaccination).
ConclusionThe size and longitudinal nature of the dataset provides the potential to answer a wide variety of research questions. We must, however, be mindful of inherent biases that might occur when relying on using Test and Trace data to identify COVID-19 infections. Work is currently ongoing to expand this asset to include other data sources.

The proposed book comprises 24 chapters by experts from developed and developing countries. The book cover Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, the UK and England, USA, West Africa, and Zambia. FOREWORD by David J. Hunter, Emeritus Professor, Newcastle University, the UK.