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Cover -- Table of Contents -- 1. Introduction. Adaptation in a Convergence Environment -- Johannes Fehrle -- 2. Adaptation as Connection. A Network Theoretical Approach to Convergence, Participation, and Co-Production -- Regina Schober -- 3. Filing off the Serial Numbers. Fanfiction and its Adaptation to the Book Market -- Bettina Soller -- 4. From Paratext to Polyprocess. The "Quirky" Mashup Novel -- Eckart Voigts -- 5. "You Just Got Covered": YouTube Cover Song Videos as Examples of Para-Adaptation -- Costas Constandinides -- 6. Masters of the Universe? Viewers, the Media, and Sherlock's Lead Writers -- Benjamin Poore -- 7. Alien Adapted (Again and Again): Fictional Universes between Difference and Repetition -- Rüdiger Heinze -- 8. "Everything is Awesome." Spreadability and The LEGO Movie -- Joyce Goggin -- 9. Localization as Adaptation in the Wolfenstein Franchise -- Werner Schäfke -- Index.

A paradox of contemporary sociology is that the discipline has largely abandoned the empirical study of journalistic organizations and news institutions at the moment when the media has gained visibility in political, economic, and cultural spheres; when other academic fields have embraced the study of media and society; and when leading sociological theorists have broken from the disciplinary cannon to argue that the media are key actors in modern life. This article examines the point of journalistic production in one major news organization and shows how reportersand editors manage constraints of time, space, and market pressure under regimes of convergence news making. It considers the implications of these conditions for the particular forms of intellectual and cultural labor that journalists produce, drawing connections between the political economy of the journalistic field, the organizational structure of multimedia firms, new communications technologies, and the qualities of content created by media workers.

A paradox of contemporary sociology is that the discipline has largely abandoned the empirical study of journalistic organizations & news institutions at the moment when the media has gained visibility in political, economic, & cultural spheres; when other academic fields have embraced the study of media & society; & when leading sociological theorists have broken from the disciplinary cannon to argue that the media are key actors in modern life. This article examines the point of journalistic production in one major news organization & shows how reporters & editors manage constraints of time, space, & market pressure under regimes of convergence news making. It considers the implications of these conditions for the particular forms of intellectual & cultural labor that journalists produce, drawing connections between the political economy of the journalistic field, the organizational structure of multimedia firms, new communications technologies, & the qualities of content created by media workers. 38 References. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright 2005 The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

The peculiar harshness of modern American justice has led to a vigorous scholarly debate about the roots of mass incarceration and its divergence from humanitarian sentencing norms prevalent in other Western democracies. Even though the United States reached virtually world-record imprisonment levels between 1983 and 2010, the Supreme Court never found a prison term to be "cruel and unusual punishment" under the Eighth Amendment. By countenancing extreme punishments with no equivalent elsewhere in the West, such as life sentences for petty recidivists, the Justices' reasoning came to exemplify the exceptional nature of American justice. Many scholars concluded that punitiveness had become its defining norm. Yet a quiet revolution in Eighth Amendment jurisprudence, a wave of reforms, and other social developments suggest that American penal philosophy may be inching toward norms—dignity, proportionality, legitimacy, and rehabilitation—that have checked draconian prison terms in Europe, Canada, and beyond. In 2010, the Supreme Court began limiting the scope of life imprisonment without parole for juveniles in a series of landmark Eighth Amendment cases. Partly drawing upon the principles in these decisions, twenty-two states have abolished life without parole categorically for juveniles, providing them more protections than under the Eighth Amendment. The narrow focus on the differences between juveniles and adults in the aftermath of these reforms obscured American law's increasing recognition of humanitarian norms that are hardly age-dependent—and strikingly similar to those in other Western democracies. Historiography sheds light on why the academy has largely overlooked this relative paradigm shift. As America faced mass incarceration of an extraordinary magnitude, research in recent decades has focused on divergence, not convergence. This Article advances a comparative theory of punishment to analyze these developments. In the United States and throughout the West, approaches toward punishment are impermanent ...

The convergent experience: viewing practices across media forms. Media interfaces and mass customization of everyday space / Daniel Chamberlain -- It's just like a mini mall : comic convergence and participatory culture on YouTube / David Gurney -- TiVoing childhood : time shifting a generation's concept of television / Jason Mittell -- Affective convergence in reality television : a case study in divergence culture / Jack Bratich -- Industry convergences : reality television and the cross-purposed commodity / Misha Kavka -- Creating authors/creating audiences. More "moments of television" : / Derek Kompare -- The reviews are in : TV critics and the (pre)creation of meaning / Jonathan Gray -- Hailing the fan : diegetic and extradiegetic expansion in official online interfaces / Louisa Ellen Stein -- Gruesome competition for cable viewers : masters of horror, auteurism, and the progressive potential of a disreputable genre / Heather Hendershot -- 59Up : television, Life-Time, and the mediated self / John Corner -- Technologies of citizenship : politics, nationality, and contemporary television. Television/televisicentn / Hector Amaya -- The limits of the cellular imaginary / Eric Freedman -- "TV freedom" and other experiments for "advancing" liberal democracy in Iraq / James Hay -- Hillary Clinton meets Johnny Sack : viral videos and the 2008 presidential election / Chuck Tryon -- Speed TV / L.S. Kim.

What is culture? Does culture necessitate protection? If so, can communications regulation offer the security needed to maintain a distinctive cultural identity? These are all significant questions that are facing a great number of states around the world. Within Australia, broadcasting regulatory policy takes the position that culture does require protection in order to preserve unique societal ideals. Under this philosophy, the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 seeks to provide a defence by imposing foreign and cross-media ownership restrictions. But as a new age of technology approaches, can the regulatory system of the past remain effective? The United Kingdom, Germany, and Canada are three countries in which this same issue is pertinent. Each of these states has taken on the task of regulating broadcasting in dissimilar fashions. Canada has imposed a series of Canadian produced content quotas with the intention of maintaining a prevalence of domestic viewpoints within terrestrial broadcasting. This system is analogous to the Australian model and has proven to be rather effective. Germany is a state in which foreigners are freely admitted into broadcasting ownership, and there are very few content quota requirements. Instead the use of market share restrictions has been implemented with a good deal of efficacy. German culture remains just as unique as any other. The United Kingdom offers yet another approach. In the UK, foreign ownership restriction applies only to terrestrial broadcasting, but not to persons from within the European Union. Co-production of content is encouraged as to benefit both foreign and domestic producers. In spite of the fact that the UK has a thriving satellite broadcasting industry which imports large quantities of foreign-made programming, uniqueness in culture perseveres. Globalization has been a major issue facing the world for many years. There have been an array of conceptual frameworks as to what effects globalization might yield, but none have been fully validated. The cultural/media imperialism framework has been accepted by a large number of people. The fears addressed by the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 correlate closely with this model. The cultural/media imperialism thesis assumes that a given culture has the capacity to dilute and eradicate other cultures through media channels. This argument has not been sufficiently proven. To the contrary there has been no indication that any one culture would have more of a tendency to adopt the ideals of another than the opposite. The cultural flows model of globalization takes a different stance. It asserts that a decrease in production costs caused by advancing technology has the capability of increasing the amount of active global communications participants. Furthermore, by the cultural flows model, this increase in participants would diversify what can be referred to as the emerging global culture. Regional identities would still flourish within a separate sphere of influence, but global culture would also thrive as a true melting pot. Technological advances, including the introduction of the World Wide Web have presented a serious problem to regulators around the world. This medium has yet to be effectively regulated. Foreign produced content has to this point avoided regulatory restrictions, and remains easily accessible. Convergence of technologies has made it possible for the Internet to be accessible through an array of devices. Digital television receivers, cellular telephones, and even refrigerators and other household appliances now have the capability to become Internet ports. Moreover, broadband Internet service has made it possible for newspapers, and television as well as radio broadcasters to post most of their productions online. This enables Internet users to access the content at their leisure. These technological realities have the potential to destabili ze regulatory bodies. Legitimate regulation must be fair and consistent. The Broadcasting Services Act 1992 places limitations on television broadcasting that are being undermined by the laxity of regulation in the Internet. If left unaddressed, this transparent inequality has the potential to render areas of government regulation inefficient and illegitimate. Since legitimacy is widely believed to be essential for stable governing, this would not be an a cceptable occurrence. In order to retain legitimacy in regulation, Australia must consider deregulating some areas of communications policy. As Canada, the UK, and Germany have demonstrated, retention of cultural identity is not contingent on communications regulation. Government and non-profit organizations could produce public broadcasting strongly oriented toward Australian culture. In the same tum, supplementary investment in Australian infrastructure by foreigners has the potential to benefit the Australian entertainment industry. Enhanced production capabilities would allow Australia to assert an active presence in the global arena without compromising traditional values. In this way, both domestic and international persons could benefit from a truly interdependent world.