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[EN] Here, we deal with the concept of fuzzy metric space(X,M,*), due to George and Veeramani. Based on the fuzzy diameter for a subset ofX, we introduce the notion of strong fuzzy diameter zero for a family of subsets. Then, we characterize nested sequences of subsets having strong fuzzy diameter zero using their fuzzy diameter. Examples of sequences of subsets which do or do not have strong fuzzy diameter zero are provided. Our main result is the following characterization: a fuzzy metric space is strongly complete if and only if every nested sequence of close subsets which has strong fuzzy diameter zero has a singleton intersection. Moreover, the standard fuzzy metric is studied as a particular case. Finally, this work points out a route of research in fuzzy fixed point theory. ; Juan-Jose Minana acknowledges financial support from FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades-Agencia Estatal de Investigacion/Proyecto PGC2018-095709-B-C21, and by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under contract DPI2017-86372-C3-3-R (AEI, FEDER, UE). This work was also partially supported by Programa Operatiu FEDER 2014-2020 de les Illes Balears, by project PROCOE/4/2017 (Direccio General d'Innovacio i Recerca, Govern de les Illes Balears), and by projects ROBINS and BUGWRIGHT2. These two latest projects have received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreements Nos. 779776 and 871260, respectively. This publication reflects only the authors views and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. ; Gregori Gregori, V.; Miñana, J.; Roig, B.; Sapena Piera, A. (2020). A Characterization of Strong Completeness in Fuzzy Metric Spaces. Mathematics. 8(6):1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8060861 ; S ; 1 ; 11 ; 8 ; 6 ; Menger, K. (1942). Statistical Metrics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 28(12), 535-537. doi:10.1073/pnas.28.12.535 ; George, A., & Veeramani, P. (1994). On some ...

Purpose
Based on social capital theory and the institutional theory, this paper aims to explain how a firm's business ties and political ties affect contractual governance in an interfirm cooperation, and under which institutional conditions they can play a better role.


Design/methodology/approach
This study tests conceptual model using questionnaire survey data collected from 227 firms in China. Hierarchical regression analysis is used to test the hypotheses.


Findings
This study finds that business ties have significant effect on contract completeness, while political ties have significant effect on contract enforcement. Moreover, these effects are contingent on some institutional factors. Market information transparency strengthens the effect of business ties on contract completeness and weakens the effect of political ties on contract completeness. Legal system completeness weakens the effect of political ties on contract enforcement.


Practical implications
This study suggests that managers could actively and selectively use their managerial ties to enhance contractual governance in an interfirm cooperation.


Originality/value
This study adds to the current understanding of how an interfirm cooperation is shaped by the firm's social capital derived from external network relationships and extends the research on what social antecedents affect contractual governance. Moreover, this study sheds new light on when managerial ties can play a more beneficial role in emerging economies.

Members of a rock and roll band are endowed with different amounts of creativity. They match, compose songs, and share credit. The presence of more creative members increases the probability of success, but those more creative members may also claim a larger share of the pie. In our theoretical model, the nature of matching as well as the covariation between the probability of success and the allocation of credit among individual members are a function of the completeness of contracting. The data show that rock bands tend to enter into incomplete contracts and positive assortative matching.

Change orders are used by project managers of construction projects to account for unexpected changes in construction projects after the contract has been finalized. This can include everything from weather events to last minute changes requested by the user. This effort analyzed data from the U.S. Air Force Military Construction (MILCON) program to find the major causes of change orders in the hopes that the associated costs may be minimized and that the insight gained may improve project management efforts. The data was analyzed using means comparison testing through the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test; the results were then ranked using the Dunn-Bonferroni method. The results show that pre-construction activities (unforeseen site conditions, unforeseen environmental site conditions, user changes, and design deficiencies) are the most common causes of change orders for MILCON projects, which agrees with other construction research reported in the literature. Although the information contained in the military database was insufficient to determine a conclusive statistical ranking, there is evidence that suggests Air Force Material Command may have higher median change order cost and Air Combat Command has lower median change order costs. When considering the construction agent, the Air Force seems to have higher median change order costs than both the Army Corps of Engineers and the Naval Facilities Command. However, no specific reasons can be attributed to these observations. Furthermore, given the accuracy and completeness of the data, these results remain questionable and require further research to validate.

Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to energy savings performance contracts at selected Texas state agencies and institutions of higher education, and to reviewing methods of reducing energy consumption, monitoring the amount of dollars saved, and determining the accuracy and completeness of information submitted by participating agencies.

Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to the Department of Criminal Justice's Community Justice Assistance Division (CJAD), and the accuracy and completeness of the information it uses to allocate funds for adult probation services and the monitoring of its agreements with the community supervision and correction departments (CSCDs) that provide these services.