Suchergebnisse

Association of American Geographers, 2008 Annual Meeting, Boston, ETATS-UNIS, 15-/04/2008 - 19/04/2008 ; Containerization is the backbone of globalization. In fifty years, it has totally transformed international freight distribution chains. A virtuous circle has been set up in which the use of ever-larger vessels (Cullinane et al., 2000), with its consequent large economies of scale and reduction in the cost per transported TEU (Brooks, 2000), goes hand in hand with an increase in transported volumes. Port hinterland services mostly rely on road transport, particularly in Europe. However, the uninterrupted increase in port traffic is making the road's dominance of hinterland services increasingly frail because of costs, the risk of congestion and growing environmental constraints. On land, high volumes are achieved by using combined rail-road or waterway-road transport. The ability of transport operators to attract freight from the hinterland at the lowest possible cost and with reliable and regular services is an essential condition for them to have the advantage in the competitive situation in which they are placed. Consequently, those ports which manage to be a port of call for the largest container vessels and offer high volume inland services establish themselves as the major loading centre in their maritime range as a result of their control of a large hinterland (Hayuth, 1992; Heaver, 2002; Robinson, 2002; Panayides et al, 2002; Notteboom, 2004). However, combined transport must still demonstrate that it can compete with road transport. Certain conditions must be met for combined transport to be set up: the waterway or rail infrastructure must exist, there must be sufficient volumes of geographically concentrated flows, transport integrators who provide door-to-door services to shippers. But in addition to these conditions, we shall make the simple hypothesis that combined transport becomes competitive when it is able to offer lower prices and additional services in comparison to the road. This ...

For the last fifty years, the development of the U.S. transportation system has focused on providing for travel by private motor vehicle. Today, many people have no choice but to use a car for even the shortest trips. This transportation monoculture is the product of very deliberate policies, reflecting the special interests of the agencies and businesses directly connected to transportation. Serious problems are just around the curve, however, as we approach the limits of space, resources, and the carrying capacity of our environment. If we shift our view of transportation from a commodity to a cost, we will adopt different performance objectives, which will help lead us in the development of a more efficient, sustainable transportation system. This new system would feature greater attention to compact land use to make trips shorter and would make it both possible and likely that many people would choose to walk or bicycle.

The author extends the previously proposed combined asymptotic method (CAM) of seismic SSI analysis for the multi‐support systems and applies it to the transportation portal as a double‐support system (together with the reactor building). The key issue is the development of the structural dynamic stiffness matrix condensed to the supports by the modal approach. Then the condensed structural matrix is combined with the soil dynamic stiffness matrix also condensed to the rigid basements. As a result, a very simple linear system 12∗12 is solved in the frequency domain. This gives the transfer functions from the free‐field motion to the motion of the basements. The only important limitations are the linearity of the soil's and structure's properties and the rigidity of the basements. The results for the sample system are checked against the full SASSI solution. The results can be used to justify the further simplification of the system.

: Buses belong to the most important means of public transportation that significantly impact the economic and environmental aspects of people in different countries. This study has focused on studying the relationship between buses and their effect on GDP, road networks and population in Hungary, Poland, Czech and Slovakia. We evaluated the number of buses and the GDP per capita for each country for different years and examined the changes over time and the effect of increasing GDP per capita on the number of buses for these countries. We evaluated the transportation system for each country in terms of the number of buses, the area of the country, the paved road network, and the number of inhabitants with income levels there. Poland excels in the number of buses compared to its vast area and high population, but it is lagging in GDP per capita. Slovakia is the smallest in terms of its population and area but has the highest GDP per capita. The Czech Republic is the best in caring for the road network, constantly updating it, and adding newly paved roads and expressway sectors.

Анотація. У роботі розглянуті питання вдосконалення технології процесу перевезення пасажирів за рахунок організації на міських автобусних маршрутах комбінованого режиму. Розроблено економіко-математичну модель, яка дозволяє досліджувати і визначати доцільність і раціональні параметри введення комбінованих швидкісних форм сполучення. Наведені результати моделювання та оцінка ефективності введення швидкісного сполучення на міському маршруті № 70 (м. Дніпро). ; Problem. Despite certain governmental support, the efficiency of urban passenger transport remains low under the current inflation. Improved economic feasibility of AOCs is possible if only combined operation mode for buses is implemented. Implementation of the measure results in the accelerated transportation, efficient use of road transport vehicles, and transportation services as well as significant reduction in combustible and lubrication materials, and current repair and maintenance of buses. However, lack of uniform methodology and reliable substantiation techniques, neglected basic economic and social factors of transportation process as well as high labour intensity of the available developments complicate seriously determination of rational parameters of the combined transportation forms implementation hindering their wide use. Goal is to develop methods as well as economic and mathematical model making it possible to study and determine both expediency and rational parameters of implementation of combined speedy transportation forms in terms of certain urban route using the selected efficiency criteria. To estimate the modeling results, it is also required to develop a structure of the efficiency complex index while implementing combined transportation forms which would involve basic economic, technologic, and social components of passenger transportation process. Methodology. The paper has applied calculation and experimental approaches. With the help of mathematical modeling, calculation technique has analyzed the effect of different ratios of buses, involved in customary and speedy transportation forms, on the estimation criterion of the combined transportation mode efficiency. Experimental technique studied characteristics of passenger flows within a route, determined average distances of passenger trips, turnover coefficient, and transportation velocity for various types of bus traffics. Results. The proposed nonequilibrum passenger flow coefficient made it possible to obtain zones of preliminary estimation of expediency to implement corresponding transportation forms within certain routes. Efficiency criteria to implement such combined transportation forms have been formulated. A structure of complex efficiency index has been proposed helping select the best variant of numerous ones while involving basic economic, technological, and social indices of passenger transportation process. Originality. To implement a procedure of passenger number redistribution between customary transportation type and speedy one (depending upon the number of buses of corresponding form), a technique has been proposed. The technique is based upon logic analysis of the two matrices: a matrix of interstop correspondence, and a standard time matrix for buses to travel between stopping points of their route. Practical value. Rational parameters to implement the combined transportation type in terms of urban route 70 (city of Dnipro) substantiating release of 7 buses from transportation process and making it possible to reduce unproductive transportation from 2 471.2 down to 216.7 pas. ∙km as well as transportation passenger time consuming from 385.6 down 378.4 hours (including transportation time reduce from 351.0 down to 296.9 hours). ; В работе рассмотрены вопросы усовершенствования технологии перевозочного процесса пассажиров за счет организации на городских автобусных маршрутах комбинированного режима сообщения. Разработана экономико-математическая модель, которая позволяет исследовать и определять целесообразность и рациональные параметры ввода комбинированных скоростных форм сообщения. Представлены результаты моделирования и оценка эффективности введения скоростного сообщения на городском маршруте №70 (г. Днепр).