Suchergebnisse

Bengkulu is one of the provinces in Indonesia, which has the potential of coal resource potential. In an effort to utilize these resources, the Government has issued 100 licenses to several companies to undertake exploration and exploitation. Some companies are located in Central Bengkulu district. Activity of extracting and processing coal by 7 (seven) companies in the region has caused pollution and damage around Bengkulu River watershed. Pollution not only in upstream but also downstream of Bengkulu River watershed located in the coastal region of Bengkulu. In addition to causing damage to marine ecosystems and river waters, coal waste pollution also affects the socio-economic life of communities in coastal areas that mostly fishermen. In accordance with Article 28 H of the 1945 Constitution and Article 65 (1) of Law no. 32 In 2009, efforts should be made to protect coastal communities both preventive, preemptive and repressive. Legal protection of coastal communities should be done in a comprehensive manner both from the substance, structure and legal culture. From the aspect of legal substances have to be assessed and evaluated existing regulations relating to coal mining as a preventive instrument to protect the public. The institutional structure of the legal aspects need improvement for coordination and cooperation to build both formal and informal institutions in the protection of pre-emptive and repressive. Besides the aspects of the culture of pre-emptive legal action needs to be instructive to conduct training and empowerment to be able to develop self-potential, resources and the environment autonomously. By providing a comprehensive legal protection, the coal mining investment in the Province Bengku can support the creation of sustainable economic development and environmentally sound.Keywords: legal protection, coastal communities, pollution, sustainable development

Questionnaires distributed to 154 holiday‐makers on beaches in Southwest England assessed awareness of local hazards or incidents associated with either the electricity supply industry or the water and sewage industry and examined the relationship between awareness and evaluations of the industry, current and future levels of pollution on the beach in question, and general levels of concern about environmental pollution. With respect to electricity, those respondents who were more aware of reports claiming a higher incidence of childhood leukemia in the vicinity of a nearby nuclear plant evaluated the electricity industry as less competent or trustworthy, showed higher levels of environmental concern, and were more pessimistic in their estimates of present and future levels of specific pollutants on their beach. With respect to the water industry, similar effects were associated with greater awareness of an accident at a water treatment plant and agricultural pollution of a nearby estuary. These findings are interpreted as suggesting a cyclical relationship between risk awareness and concern. On the one hand, reports about environmental hazards may lead to generalized concern across specific contexts; on the other hand, greater levels of concern may sensitize individuals to such reports.

The City of Cape Town's (CoCT) wastewater management system discharges effluent from households, industries and other sources into the Atlantic Ocean through deep-water marine outfalls in Green Point, Camps Bay and Hout Bay. At total capacity, these three outfalls discharge 55.3 megalitres (Ml) into marine receiving environments daily. With minimal pre-treatment that amounts to screening and sieving, this results in microbial and chemical pollution of the sea (including chemicals of emerging concern), marine organisms, recreational beaches, and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). This research focuses on contestations over evidence of that pollution in Hout Bay. The study documents the work of independent scientists seeking to provide evidence of coastal pollution obtained via microbial and chemical analyses of water (coastal and inland) and marine organisms (Mytilus galloprovincialis) samples. It also presents accounts of pollution obtained via ethnographic research with local residents, fishers, frequent water users and river activists who have observed and experienced poor coastal water quality. However, the form of evidence that is considered and informs decision-making processes by the CoCT has consistently sought to invalidate these forms of evidence, from both independent scientists and the public. Debates around knowledge of water and contests over evidence that highlight the entanglements of science, politics, and ways of knowing make visible a consistent pattern in coastal water-quality governance by the City, which results in inaction regarding the ever-growing issue of coastal pollution in Cape Town.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Section I: General Pollution in Coastal and Deep Ocean Environments -- 1: Black Tides: Petroleum in the Ocean -- 2: Oxygen Depletion in Coastal Waters and the Open Ocean: Hypoxia and Anoxia Cases and Consequences for Biogeochemical Cycling and Marine Life -- 3: Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal, Estuarine, and Offshore Waters -- Section II: Inorganic Pollutants and Associated Effects -- 4: Mercury Cycling in the Coastal and Open Ocean and Associated Health Risks: A Global Overview -- 5: Copper: Essential and Noxious to Aquatic Organisms -- 6: Behavioral Responses of Marine Animals to Metals, Acidification, Hypoxia and Noise Pollution -- 7: Eco-friendly Strategies of Remediation in the Marine System: Bioremediation and Phytoremediation -- 8: Lesser-known Metals with Potential Impacts in the Marine Environment -- Section III: Organic Pollutants -- 9: Organophosphorus Compounds -- 10: Halogenated Pollutants in Marine and Coastal Environments -- 11: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Occurrence, Levels, Distribution and Ecotoxicological Fate at Coastal and Deep Ocean -- 12: Brominated Flame Retardants -- Index -- Color Plate Section.

Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………….4 Responsibility claim………………………………………………………………………………………………5 Collaboration Statement .…………………………………………………………………………………….6 Preface…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13 Zusammenfassung …………………………………………………………………………………………….14 Part 1 Introduction to coastal and marine pollution…………………………………………………………16 1\. Coastal and marine pollution in the Anthropocene: Identifying contaminants and processes.17 I. Abstract.…………………………………………………………………………………….18 II. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….19 III. Identifying contaminants & stressors…………………………………………………….20 IV. Identifying processes ……………………………………………………………………….23 i. Global changes ………………………………………………………………….23 ii. Atmospheric circulation ………………………………………………………….25 iii. Biological processes and effects ……………………………………….……….27 V. Final remarks……………………………………………………………………….……….28 VI. Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………29 VII. References………………………………………………………………………………….29 2\. Assessment of pollution and environmental restoration in coastal areas: challenges and solutions ……………………………………………………………………………………………….33 I. Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….34 II. Introduction.………………………………………………………………………………….35 III. Environmental health assessment ……………………………………………………….36 IV. Challenges and solutions for environmental management….………………………….38 i. Contamination assessment and analysis ………………………………………38 ii. Biomarkers: a promising set of biomonitoring tools……………………………39 iii. Coastal restoration, contamination, and climate change………………………40 iv. A mitigation tool: Managed realignment …………………………………….40 1\. Risks of managed realignment………………………………………….41 2\. Coastal restoration and management in Europe…………………….41 3\. Managed realignment and potential contamination………………….42 v. Uncertainties ……………………………………………………………………….42 1\. Climate Change Uncertainty ……………………………………………42 2\. Political Uncertainty …………………………………………………….43 V. Conclusions ...

China has formulated many policies and regulations for the management of the coastal water environment. However, the coastal water environment has not been significantly improved. The perspective of local government competition can provide an explanation for this phenomenon. This study uses panel data comprising 48 coastal cities in China from 2004 to 2017 as bases explore the impact of coastal local government competition on coastal water pollution by using a two-way fixed-effects panel regression model. Results show that coastal local government competition increased coastal water pollution. However, a sub-sample estimation based on fiscal pressure shows that coastal local government competition only increased the coastal water pollution of the high fiscal pressure group, and its impact on the coastal water pollution in the low financial pressure group failed to pass the significance test. In addition, sub-sample estimation based on different periods shows that the impact of coastal local government competition on coastal water pollution was not significant before 2008, but showed a significant positive impact after 2008.