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Highlights • Climate change-induced risks to EU Habitats Directive species are poorly known. • Adverse land use for species often coincides with high climate change velocity. • Climate change and land use threats vary notably both between and within species. • Mapping risks across species occurrences is central to climate-wise conservation. • Climate change land-use risks hinder Habitats Directive species from reaching a favourable status. ; The Habitats Directive of the European Union is a key legislative instrument in Europe, supporting the conservation of rare, threatened or endemic species. It aims at ensuring that the species listed in the Annexes of the Habitats Directive show a favourable conservation status, i.e., that they are able to maintain viable populations and that their natural range is sufficient and not decreasing currently, nor will in the future. However, climate change may hamper Habitats Directive species in achieving (or maintaining) a favourable conservation status, particularly when these impacts are amplified by adverse land use. Here, we studied Habitats Directive species in Finland for which ≥70% of the occurrences were recorded with the resolution of ≤100 m. The number of occurrence sites for the 52 species studied ranged from one site to 13,653 sites, summing up to 19,367 sites. For all these sites and their surroundings, we assessed the vulnerabilities caused by climate change and land use. The climate exposure of occurrence sites was measured based on the rapidity of climatic changes (i.e. climate velocity) in three climate variables (growing degree days, mean January air temperature, water balance) at each site. Risks caused by land use were assessed using two negative and four positive variables that respectively described the quantity of land cover and habitats that is either harmful (e.g. clear-cut forest and drained peatlands) or supportive (protected areas and suitable habitats) to species occurrences. To complement climate and land-use variables, three additional variables describing protection status of the sites and the number of occurrences of the same species in the landscape were examined. Comparison of the mean vulnerability values for each species showed that some of the species inhabit, on average, areas with high climate exposure. Moreover, in certain species climate change-induced vulnerabilities consistently coincide with negative land use. However, in many of the 52 species there was large variation in the vulnerability levels between individual occurrence sites, concerning both climate exposure and land-use variables. Considering the vulnerabilities due to climate change separately, 40–60% of the species occurrence sites are expected to face high exposure caused by rapid changes in summer or winter temperatures, which presents challenges in maintaining a favourable conservation status. Our results also revealed numerous species occurrences where high climate velocity coincided with a large amount of negative land use and low amount of suitable habitat, for which climate-wise conservation planning could be targeted.

This is the final version of the article. Available from European Geosciences Union (EGU) and Copernicus Publications via the DOI in this record. ; The activation of aerosols to form cloud droplets is dependent upon vertical velocities whose local variability is not typically resolved at the GCM grid scale. Consequently, it is necessary to represent the subgrid-scale variability of vertical velocity in the calculation of cloud droplet number concentration.This study uses the UK Chemistry and Aerosols community model (UKCA) within the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM3), coupled for the first time to an explicit aerosol activation parameterisation, and hence known as UKCA-Activate. We explore the range of uncertainty in estimates of the indirect aerosol effects attributable to the choice of parameterisation of the subgrid-scale variability of vertical velocity in HadGEM-UKCA. Results of simulations demonstrate that the use of a characteristic vertical velocity cannot replicate results derived with a distribution of vertical velocities, and is to be discouraged in GCMs. This study focuses on the effect of the variance (σw2) of a Gaussian pdf (probability density function) of vertical velocity. Fixed values of σw (spanning the range measured in situ by nine flight campaigns found in the literature) and a configuration in which σw depends on turbulent kinetic energy are tested. Results from the mid-range fixed σw and TKE-based configurations both compare well with observed vertical velocity distributions and cloud droplet number concentrations.The radiative flux perturbation due to the total effects of anthropogenic aerosol is estimated at −1.9 W m−2 with σw = 0.1 m s−1, −2.1 W m−2 with σw derived from TKE, −2.25 W m−2 with σw= 0.4 m s−1, and −2.3 W m−2 with σw = 0.7 m s−1. The breadth of this range is 0.4 W m−2, which is comparable to a substantial fraction of the total diversity of current aerosol forcing estimates. Reducing the uncertainty in the parameterisation of σw would therefore be an important step towards reducing the uncertainty in estimates of the indirect aerosol effects. Detailed examination of regional radiative flux perturbations reveals that aerosol microphysics can be responsible for some climate-relevant radiative effects, highlighting the importance of including microphysical aerosol processes in GCMs. ; R. E. L. West and Z. Kipling both acknowledge the support of NERC studentships and receipt of CASE awards from the Met Office during the course of this work. P. Stier's research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant agreement no. FP7-280025. A. Jones, C. E. Johnson and N. Bellouin were supported by the Joint DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101). Computing resources and support were provided by the Met Office/NERC Joint Weather and Climate Research Programme (JWCRP).

The ban today on "population talk" (Diana Coole) by the liberal western traditions as unethical has the inverse effect in a post-'tipping point' world defined by future population culls of peripheries. It turns out that this ban not only advances the outcome the liberal tradition would most avoid but blinds it from seeing what is now underway before its eyes—a 'species split' engineered by the hyper-elite with one eye to the coming climate catastrophism. It turns out that the ban conceals that the western anthropos had from the first been defined as arche-eugenicist and extinctivist. This in turn illuminates the puzzling non-response of global leadership to the prospect of irreversible ecocide.

Basic concepts -- Climate variability diagnosed in spherical coordinates -- Climate variability diagnosed in z-coordinate -- External/internal modes in meridional/zonal directions -- Adiabatic signals in the upper ocean -- The regulation of MOC (MHF) by wind stress and buoyancy anomaly -- Adiabatic Heaving signals in the deep ocean -- Heaving, stretching, spicing and isopycnal analysis -- Heaving, stretching and spicing modes -- Potential Spicity -- Sigma-pi diagram and its application -- Isopycnal analysis -- Heaving modes in the world oceans -- Heaving induced by wind stress anomaly -- Heaving induced by anomalous freshwater forcing -- Heaving induced by anomalous wind, freshening and warming -- Heaving induced by convection generated gravity anomaly -- Heaving induced by deep convection generated volume loss -- ENSO events and heaving modes -- Heaving signals in the isopycnal coordinate -- Introduction -- Coordinate transformation by the casting method -- Coordinate transformation by the projecting method -- Difference between the casting method and the projecting method -- Isopycnal layer analysis for the world oceans -- Isopycnal layer analysis based on -- Heaving signals for the shallow water in the Pacific-Indian basin -- Heaving signal propagation through the equatorial sections -- Heaving signals in the isothermal coordinate -- Introduction -- Casting method -- Casting method applied to the GODAS data -- Projecting method -- Signal of layer depth and zonal velocity in the Pacific basin -- Z-theta diagram and its application to climate variability analysis -- Climate signals in the salinity coordinates -- Introduction -- Casting method -- Separating the signals into external and internal modes -- Analysis based on the GODAS data -- Shallow salty water sphere in the Atlantic Ocean.

Magistritöö eesmärgiks oli koostada Eesti Maaülikooli Tehnikainstituudis õpetatava ergonoomika eriala jaoks sisekliimaalase õppetöö edendamiseks õppemetoodiline materjal teemal "Sisekliima metodoloogia". Aktuaalsus seisneb teaduspõhise õppe täiendamises sisekliimatoloogilise uurimiseks teaduspõhise õppemetoodilise materjali vajalikkuses. Uudsuseks on sisekliimaalane õppemetoodiline juhendmaterjal teemal "Sisekliima metodoloogia". Tänapäeval veedavad inimesed kuni 90% elust siseruumides, mistõttu tuleb sisekliima tagamisele pöörata suuremat tähelepanu ning seoses sellega on sisekliima ja selle kvaliteet tähtis. Sisekliima tagamise süsteemideks on 1) traditsioonilised, 2) alternatiivsed ja 3) kombineeritud kütte- ja ventilatsioonisüsteemid. Sisekliima tagamise traditsiooniliste süsteemide hulka kuuluvad ahiküte, kamin-ahiküte, autonoom- ja kaugküte ning elekterküte. Sisekliima tagamise alternatiivsed küttesüsteemid põhinevad soojupumpadel, geotermilistel seadmetel, tuulik-generaatoritel ja päikesepaneelidel. Kombineeritud küttesüsteemid põhinevad traditsiooniliste ja alternatiivküttesüsteemide erinevatel kombinatsioonidel. Seoses alternatiivsete küttesüsteemide arenemisega toimub sisekliima tagamine küttesüsteemide kombineeritud kasutusvariantide rakendamisega. Sellepärast on oluline käsitleda maa- ja õhksoojuspumpadel, geotermilistel soojusseadmetel, päikese- ja tuuleenergial töötavatel soojusseadmetel, õhk-, põrand- ja radiaatorküttel ning ventilatsioonisüsteemidel põhinevaid küttesüsteeme ja nendega tagatud sisekliima kvaliteeti. Sisekliima kvaliteeti määravad sisekliimastandardites, sisekliimaalastes õigusaktides esitatud tegurid, normid ja nõuded, milledest kinnipidamine tagab sisekliima talitluskindluse ja sisekliima ergonoomika ning väldib kutsehaiguste tekkimist Paljudest uuringutest selgub, et halb sisekliima on seotud paljude erinevate terviseprobleemidega. Ekspertide sõnul võib halvast sisekliimast põhjustatud haigustest majanduslik kahju ulatuda 1% sisemajanduse koguproduktist. Sisekliima uurimismeetodid võimaldavad määrata sidustöötluspõhimõttel mõõdetud parameetrite (õhutemperatuur, õhu suhteline niiskus, kastepunkt, absoluutne niiskus, õhu liikumiskiirus, hapniku ja süsihappegaasisisaldus, kergete ning keskmiste pluss- ja miinuslaengutega aeroioonid) ning nende järgi arvutatud unipolaarsusteguri, õhu suhtelise värskuse keskmiste arvväärtuste alusel sisekliima talitlusvõime taset ja kvaliteeti. Parim sisekliima kvaliteedi hinnang oli geotermilise seadme ja ventilatsioonküttega tagatud sisekliima kvaliteedi hinnang, mis oli pigem väga hea (75%) mõõdetud ja arvutatud sisekliimaparameetrite arvväärtuste vastavuse poolest normidele, õhu suhtelise niiskuse ja hüdroaeroioonide arvelt. Kõige kehvem sisekliima kvaliteedi hinnang oli õhk- ja ventilatsioonküttega tagatud sisekliima kvaliteedi hinnang, mis oli halb (58%) peamiselt õhus vähese suhtelise niiskuse ja hapnikusisalduse põhjusel. Uurimistöö läbiviimist toetas Euroopa Liidu Euroopa Sotsiaalfond programmi DoRa raames, mida viib ellu Sihtasutus Archimedes. ; The aim of research was to prepare methodological material about indoor climate for Estonian University of Life Sciences ergonomic department to promote indoor climate studies. Research is important as methodological guidance about "Indoor climate methodology" is needed in curricula Ergonomics. Compiled guidance material "Indoor climate methodology" is a novel result of the study. People stay indoors about 90 % of time, so people are greatly affected by interior environment. Therefore, it is vital to pay attention to indoor climate and its quality. Ways to ensure proper indoor climate are: 1) traditional, 2) alternative and 3) combination of heating- and ventilation systems. Traditional systems include stove, furnace, independent and distance heating and heating by electricity. Alternative heating systems are based on heat pumps, geothermal devices, wind powered electricity generators and solar panels. Combined heating systems are a combination of traditional and alternative heating systems. It is possible to assure proper indoor environment by using combined heating solutions due to the development of alternative heating system. In this paper ground- and air heat pumps, geothermal heating devices, floor- and radiator heating and ventilation system heating devices and combined solutions assuring proper indoor climate quality are discussed. In the study the quality of indoor climate was determined by factors and normative values, which are stated in standards, laws and legislations. It is necessary to follow said legal documents in order to assure the reliability ergonomics of indoor climate and prevent occupational disease. It becomes evident from numerous studies, that improper indoors climate is related with various health symptoms. These symptoms could be theoretically divided into specific diseases, allergies, diseases with long incubation time and sick building syndrome. Sick building syndrome is a set of symptoms, which occur in indoors. According to the experts the economic loss caused by improper indoor climate could reach up to 1 % of gross domestic product. Using simultaneous data acquisition, following parameters were measured: air temperature, relative humidity, dew point, floor temperature, absolute humidity, air velocity, oxygen and carbon dioxide, light and medium positive and negative charged air particles, relative air freshness. The quality and reliability of indoor climate were determined by average of measured values. The best quality rating of indoor climate in case of geothermal device with ventilation heating was rather very good (75 %) as measured and calculated values comply with normative values. The worst quality rating (58 % – poor) of indoor climate was in case of air heating with ventilation heating. It is caused mainly by lower relative humidity and oxygen concentration This research was supported by European Social Fund's Doctoral Studies and Internationalisation Programme DoRa, which is carried out by Foundation Archimedes.

The aim of this work was to develop a robust transition model that should be able to provide information on public policies to avoid either an attractive equilibrium with fossil fuel-intensive capital only, or a collapse due to a climate-induced Minsky moment The construction of such a model was based on [Grasselli and Costa Lima, 2012], which belongs to the family of disequilibrium models. This model was selected because of its stock-flow consistency with non-linear dynamics leading to multiple equilibria, which can incorporate this Minsky moment. As the extensions of this model do not seem to fundamentally alter its robustness, improvements have been made in particular concerning the relaxation of Say's "law" by introducing inventories. The velocity of money and money creation can then be followed in this extended version. Finally our work consisted in building a simple transition model with only two types of capital, and to study the multiple equilibria and the possible levers to guarantee the transition from one capital to the other. ; L'objectif de ce travail était de développer un modèle robuste de transition pour identifier les politiques publiques permettant d'éviter soit un équilibre attractif avec uniquement des capitaux intensifs en combustibles fossiles, soit un effondrement dû a un moment de Minsky induit par le climat. La construction d'un tel modèle a été basée sur [Grasselli et Costa Lima, 2012], qui appartient à la famille des modèles de déséquilibre. Ce modèle a été choisi en raison de sa cohérence stock-flux, sa dynamique non linéaire conduisant à des équilibres multiples, et pouvant intégrer ce moment de Minsky. Les extensions de ce modèle ne semblant pas altérer fondamentalement sa robustesse, des améliorations ont été apportées notamment en ce qui concerne la relaxation de la "loi" de Say par l'introduction des inventaires. La vélocité de la monnaie et la création monétaire peuvent alors être suivie dans cette version étendue. Enfin notre travail a consisté à construire un modèle de ...

The aim of this work was to develop a robust transition model that should be able to provide information on public policies to avoid either an attractive equilibrium with fossil fuel-intensive capital only, or a collapse due to a climate-induced Minsky moment The construction of such a model was based on [Grasselli and Costa Lima, 2012], which belongs to the family of disequilibrium models. This model was selected because of its stock-flow consistency with non-linear dynamics leading to multiple equilibria, which can incorporate this Minsky moment. As the extensions of this model do not seem to fundamentally alter its robustness, improvements have been made in particular concerning the relaxation of Say's "law" by introducing inventories. The velocity of money and money creation can then be followed in this extended version. Finally our work consisted in building a simple transition model with only two types of capital, and to study the multiple equilibria and the possible levers to guarantee the transition from one capital to the other. ; L'objectif de ce travail était de développer un modèle robuste de transition pour identifier les politiques publiques permettant d'éviter soit un équilibre attractif avec uniquement des capitaux intensifs en combustibles fossiles, soit un effondrement dû a un moment de Minsky induit par le climat. La construction d'un tel modèle a été basée sur [Grasselli et Costa Lima, 2012], qui appartient à la famille des modèles de déséquilibre. Ce modèle a été choisi en raison de sa cohérence stock-flux, sa dynamique non linéaire conduisant à des équilibres multiples, et pouvant intégrer ce moment de Minsky. Les extensions de ce modèle ne semblant pas altérer fondamentalement sa robustesse, des améliorations ont été apportées notamment en ce qui concerne la relaxation de la "loi" de Say par l'introduction des inventaires. La vélocité de la monnaie et la création monétaire peuvent alors être suivie dans cette version étendue. Enfin notre travail a consisté à construire un modèle de ...

We acknowledge the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) Environment and Sustainability Research Grant for financial support for all field activities. Acknowledgments extend to the Kenyan Water Resources Authority (WRA) and the University of Aberdeen for supporting S. Oiro's PhD scholarship. We thank Security Officers and Government of Kenya Administrators who facilitated field access by informing the public of our presence in the area as well as the assistance by local casuals during the geophysical surveys. ; Peer reviewed ; Postprint

Most of the indoor climate research has been done in countries in the temperature region. Many of these are developed countries having resources to build good buildings and for indoor climate research. It has been consensus in the developed societies that it is economically justified to aim at providing optimal indoor environments for students, office workers and other who work indoors. Either legislators, designers and builders in developing countries in tropical regions are often forced to use the expensive and possibly inappropriate standards from developed countries or they may adapt solutions which have no formal scientific basis. There is therefore a need for fundamental and applied research focused on the indoor climate needs of developing countries in hot and humid tropical regions.Achieving optimized partial improvements of the indoor climate may often be better than to know all optimal levels. The purpose pf this study was to investigate the relative importance of temperature, noise, drafts and window area when two of these parameters are linked. Thirty (30) heat-acclimatized subjects participated in 10 exposures in single person climate chambers. Each exposure lasted three hours. During an exposure, the subject was free to optimize the operative temperature at a link to either draft, noise or window areas. For each pair of parameters, three linear links were tested. A reference exposure was furthermore included without any link. Results show that a decrease in operative temperature of 1⁰C gives the same decrease in annoyance as approximately 0.1 m/s decrease air velocity, 7dB (A) decrease noise level or 0.5m² increase window area. The used trade-off method may have numerous other research applications.

Designing urban spaces that provide outdoor comfort is an important but challenging goal in subarctic climates. An approach to urban design that is sensitive to subarctic climatic conditions is essential, but this requires effective incorporation of urban climate knowledge into urban design, which presently is impeded by several barriers. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge of climate-sensitive urban design with a focus on outdoor comfort in cold climates. This thesis consists of a cover essay and three papers, which together address three questions: (1) What are the barriers to integrating climate factors into urban design in subarctic climates? (2) How do urban design practitioners address outdoor comfort in design process? (3) How can wind and solar considerations be integrated into the design of urban spaces? In accordance with the broad scope and interdisciplinary nature of this research, a mixed method approach was adopted, including a literature review, two interview-based studies and microclimate analysis of an urban design proposal.The study objectives were pursued in three stages corresponding to the research questions. The first stage consisted of interviews with local planners, which aimed to identify key barriers hindering the incorporation of climatic factors in urban planning in subarctic regions. Key findings include the identification of barriers related to design based, attitudinal, organisational, conceptual and technical issues. The design based issues relate to contextual difficulties for comfort design in cold climates, namely snow and low sun elevation. Attitudinal and organisational barriers include the neglect of opportunities for and challenges associated with urban liveability in cold climates, failure to exploit local knowledge and lack of engagement among local planners and politicians. Conceptual barriers relate to a lack of climate knowledge among practitioners and technical barriers relate to methods and the principles to be used in design, particularly wind comfort and snow in urban environments. The second stage centred on urban design practice, by investigating the role of comfort in the development of an urban design project in a subarctic climate. The findings of this stage showed that urban design practitioners predominantly rely on simple climate design principles and rarely use analytical tools in design. In terms of knowledge sources for urban designers, existing urban environments, work by other architects, the architects' own experience and everyday life experiences are influential sources of understanding and inspiration. In the third stage a method to integrate outdoor comfort assessment into design is outlined and applied on a case study in a subarctic climate. The method encompasses wind comfort analysis and microclimate assessment based on solar access and wind velocity. It produces two types of result: quantitative and visual. The quantitative results include area ratios of different combinations of wind and solar conditions. Visual results are maps showing the spatial distributions of different microclimate combinations in a studied urban space, either proposed or existing. The method has proved useful for assessing relative differences in thermal comfort.Study stages highlight issues that are crucial for improving environmental comfort in subarctic climates: (1) provision of sheltering from the wind 2) maximising solar access and, (3) managing snow in the outdoor environment. In addressing these urban design issues, experimental design based research has the potential for creating and testing new design concepts. Practitioners' reliance on simple climate design principles is also discussed. This research highlights that a more balanced application of climate design principles and analytical methods for addressing microclimate issues is required. Suggestions are also proposed to create a shift in the way outdoor comfort is addressed in practice, including clear goal definition, theory building and improving communications between research and practice.Key words: urban design, urban microclimate, outdoor comfort, subarctic climate, climate-sensitive, Kiruna ; Godkänd; 2015; 20150819 (saeebr); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Saeed Ebrahimabadi Ämne: Arkitektur/Architecture Avhandling: Outdoor Comfort in Cold Climates Integrating Microclimate Factors in Urban Design Opponent: Professor Sigrid Reiter, Université de Liège, LEMA, Liège, Belgien. Ordförande: Professor Kristina Nilsson, Avd för arkitektur och vatten, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet, Luleå. Tid: Fredag 18 september 2015, kl 9.00 Plats: E632, Luleå tekniska universitet

Abstract
Weather warnings are critical risk communication messages because they have the potential to save lives and property during emergencies. However, making warning decisions is challenging. While there have been significant advances in technological weather forecasting, recent research suggests that social factors, including communication, influence warning meteorologists' decisions to warn. We examine the roles of both scientific and social factors in predicting warning meteorologists' decisions to warn on tornadoes. To do so, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of National Weather Service forecasters and members of management in the southern and the central regions of the United States, as well as conducted a retrospective data analysis of cross-sectional survey data from the central region Tornado Warning Improvement Project. Results reveal that dependency on radar velocity couplet and a variety of social factors predicted decisions to warn.

This study reports in-situ sedimentologic evidence of giant floods in Gale crater, Mars, during the Noachian Period. Features indicative of floods are a series of symmetrical, 10 m-high gravel ridges that occur in the Hummocky Plains Unit (HPU). Their regular spacing, internal sedimentary structures, and bedload transport of fragments as large as 20 cm suggest that these ridges are antidunes: a type of sedimentary structure that forms under very strong flows. Their 150 m wavelength indicates that the north-flowing water that deposited them was at least 24 m deep and had a minimum velocity of 10 m/s. Floods waned rapidly, eroding antidune crests, and re-deposited removed sediments as patches on the up-flow limbs and trough areas between these ridges forming the Striated Unit (SU). Each patch of the SU is 50–200 m wide and long and consists of 5–10 m of south-dipping layers. The strike and dip of the SU layers mimic the attitude of the flank of the antidune on which they were deposited. The most likely mechanism that generated flood waters of this magnitude on a planet whose present-day average temperature is − 60 °C was the sudden heat produced by a large impact. The event vaporized frozen reservoirs of water and injected large amounts of CO and CH from their solid phases into the atmosphere. It temporarily interrupted a cold and dry climate and generated a warm and wet period. Torrential rainfall occurred planetwide some of which entered Gale crater and combined with water roaring down from Mt. Sharp to cause gigantic flash floods that deposited the SU and the HPU on Aeolis Palus. The warm and wet climate persisted even after the flooding ended, but its duration cannot be determined by our study. ; With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737)

Introduction to Himalaya. Section 1: Geospatial Approaches for Monitoring Cryosphere and Hydro- Climatic Disasters. Monitoring Spatio-Temporal Glacier Dynamics and Snow Cover Variability Focused on Runoff Variability Among Major Glaciers in Zanskar Valley, Ladakh, India. Glacier Velocity Estimation Over Select Large Glaciers in Himalaya. Monitoring Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Glacial Lakes in Sikkim Himalayas Using Satellite Data and Nonparametric Statistical Testing Techniques. Monitoring Flooding Inundation Using SAR Data: A Case Study on Brahamputra River Basin. Modelling Floodwater Depth Using GIS-Based Spatial Statistical Technique: A Case Study on Gandak River Basin. Identification of Flood Hotspot Zone Using GIS-Based Spatial Statistical Technique: A Case Study on Kosi River Basin. Section 2. Geospatial Approaches for Monitoring Water Resources and Climate Change. Climate Change Impact on Hydrological Extremes of Himalayan River Basin in Hindu-Kush Himalayan Region. Climate Change Projections Using CMIP6 Gcms in Himalayan River Basin: A Case Study in Koshi River Basin, Nepal. Impact of Structural Barriers on the Morphology and Ecology of the Himalayan Rivers. Modeling the Potential Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Change on the Hydrology of Himalayan River Basin: A Case Study of Manipur River, India. The Application of Remote Sensing for Water Resources Management in Data-Scarce Watersheds in the Hindukush-Himalaya Region: A Case of Kabul River Basin. Management Issues of Wetlands in Himalayan Foothills: A Case Study of Baigul Wetland. Section 3: Geospatial Approaches for Monitoring Urban Ecosystem. Urban Sprawl and Future Growth Projection Vis A Vis Groundwater Resource Availability in Hill Township of Shillong, India. Effect of Lockdown on Aerosol Optical Depth and NO2 Over Major Cities of Indian Himalayan Region. Study on Spatial Distribution, Temporal Variation and Growth Trends of Particulate Matter, Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxides and Ammonia from Anthropogenic Sources Over India. Spatial Distribution of Particulate Organic Carbon Over India and Prediction of its Deposition in the Himalayas Through GIS-WRF-Camx Modeling System.

Bangladesh is one of the most climate vulnerable countries in the world. Situated in the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna (GBM) rivers, the country is exposed to a range of river and rainwater flood hazards due to climate variability, the timing, location, and extent of which depend on precipitation in the entire GBM basin. The Government of Bangladesh is fully committed to global climate-change advocacy and action, having already invested heavily in adaptation measures and policies. In recent decades, the government has invested more than US$10 billion to protect its population and assets in the floodplains. Given the uncertain magnitude and timing of the added risks from climate change, it is essential to identify the costs of climate proofing Bangladesh's critical infrastructure from intensified monsoon floods and cyclonic storm surges. Previously, few if any detailed studies have been developed on the costs of climate-proofing the country's infrastructure assets from inland monsoon floods and cyclones. Most analytical work to date has been confined to case studies, with relatively limited sets of locations, impacts, and adaptation measures. This study aims to fill that knowledge gap by providing detailed vulnerable population estimates and estimates of the incremental costs of asset adaptation out to the year 2050. It is part of a larger World Bank-supported study, entitled Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change (EACC), funded by the governments of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.