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Background: Stroke is the second cause of death and the first cause of disability worldwide. However, although numerous reports regarding stroke epidemiology in Latin America have been published, they differ widely in terms of employed methods and end points. This is the first of a series of articles that describes the epidemiology of stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) in the nation, as well as their correlation with recognized risk factors and social variables. Methods: Descriptive analyses were performed using the Colombian vital registration system and social security information system as primary data sources. Rates and ratios were calculated, corrected for under-registration, and standardized. Secondary analyses were made using data from national surveys and government organizations on hypertension, diabetes mellitus, sedentarism, obesity, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and unsatisfied basic needs. Factorial multivariate multiple regression analyses were performed to evaluate correlations. Concentration curves and indices were calculated to evaluate for inequities in the distribution of events. Results: Global CVD had a national mortality rate and a prevalence ratio of 28 and 142 per 100,000 persons, respectively. Nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage had the highest mortality rate (ie, 15 per 100,000), while cerebral infarction and transitory cerebral ischemia had the highest prevalence ratios (ie, 28 and 29 per 100,000, respectively). Hypertension and tobacco use were the most relevant risk factors for most of the simple and multiple models, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy and nonpyogenous intracranial venous thrombosis were the disease categories with the most socially unequal distribution of deaths and cases (ie, concentration indices of .34 and .29, respectively). Conclusions: CVDs are a cause for concern in Colombia and a marker of healthcare inequality and social vulnerability. Nationwide control of risk factors such as hypertension and tobacco use, as well as the design and conduct of public policy focused on the vulnerable and medically underserved regions and on standardizing mandatory CVD registries might ease its burden.

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is a circulating lipoprotein with proatherogenic, proinflammatory, and possibly prothrombotic properties. Circulating Lp(a) levels are largely genetically determined, in particular, by the LPA gene. As such, genetic variants at the LPA locus can serve as instrumental variables for investigating the clinical effects of circulating Lp(a) levels. Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have shown that elevated Lp(a) levels are associated with a higher risk of coronary artery disease1–3 and aortic valve stenosis.2–4 Evidence on the causal role of elevated Lp(a) levels for other atherosclerotic and specific valvular diseases is limited, although there are MR data supporting a positive association between genetically predicted Lp(a) levels and peripheral artery disease.2,3 Whether Lp(a) is causally related to thrombotic disease and cerebrovascular disease remains unclear.2,3,5 In this study, we used the UK Biobank cohort to perform an MR investigation into the causal effects of circulating Lp(a) levels on atherosclerotic, cerebrovascular, thrombotic, and valvular diseases. Because a recent MR study provided evidence of an inverse association of Lp(a) levels with Alzheimer disease,5 we additionally explored whether genetically predicted Lp(a) levels are associated with Alzheimer disease and dementia. ; Dr Larsson receives support from the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (Hjärt-Lungfonden, grant number 20190247), the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, grant number 2019-00977), and the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (Forte, grant number 2018-00123). Dr Gill is funded by the Wellcome 4i Clinical PhD Program at Imperial College London. Dr Burgess is supported by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (award number 204623/Z/16/Z). Drs Burgess and Butterworth report funding from Novartis relating to the investigation of lipoprotein(a). The funder had no influence on the content of the investigation or the decision to publish. This work was supported by core funding from the UK Medical Research Council (MR/L003120/1), the British Heart Foundation (RG/13/13/30194; RG/18/13/33946), the National Institute for Health Research [Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre at the Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust] and Health Data Research UK, which is funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, Department of Health and Social Care (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), British Heart Foundation and Wellcome.

Perinatal cerebrovascular lesions represent one of the important causes of the onset of mental disorders. The research addresses specific psychic pathologies of this type such as hypochondriac and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The main focus of the research is the psychotherapy for that contingent of patients. Tests and statistical trials were conducted for groups composed of persons suffering from the said disorders. Based on the results of data analysis the research reviews specific recommendations for using psychotherapeutic techniques considering their influence on clinical manifestations of hypochondria and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Keywords: perinatal cerebrovascular lesions, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychotherapy.

Background: Stroke is the second common cause of death in the world. It imposes a huge amount of economic and social burden on individuals, families, communities, and governments. There are significant regional differences in stroke incidence even within countries. The last information about stroke incidence in Bushehr is related to 2002-2003. Life expectancy is increasing and as a result burden of non-communicable diseases including stroke is in progress, so the current study was conducted to obtain a better picture of stroke incidence in Bushehr district, Iran, in 2013-2014. Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, hospital files of all the individuals admitted as stroke or transient ischemic attack in the Persian Gulf and Salman-e-Farsi Hospitals in 2013-2014 were studied. A list of patients with diagnosis of stroke was prepared using International Classification of Disease 10. Bushehr middle year population was estimated based on the census (2011-2012). Age standardization was done according to World Health Organization standard population. Incidence correction was done using sensitivity analysis. Results: In the study year, 255 cases of stroke were registered in two hospitals. The mean age was 65.3±14.14 years. Crude and standardized incidence of stroke were 92.71 (81.69-104.81) and 198.3 (189.68-207.22) per 100,000, respectively. Standardized incidence was higher in men as compared with women (P<0.001). Conclusion: Stroke incidence is high, especially in men, in Bushehr district. A population-based stroke registry is necessary for more accurate estimation of the rates over time.

The analysis of medical histories of 129 patients aged 20 to 59 years, who suffered acute cerebrovascular disorders (AСVD) of the ischemic type (IT), and participated in ATO-JFO was carried out. Anomalies of cerebral arteries were found in all of them. A significant role of hypoplasia of the right posterior cerebral artery, aplasia of the posterior connective, left anterior cerebral and anterior connective, as well as pathological S-shaped tortuosity of the internal carotid artery, hypoplasia of the vertebral arteries and their combinations in the development of acute cerebrovascular disorders in ATO members was established.

The analysis of medical histories of 129 patients aged 20 to 59 years, who suffered acute cerebrovascular disorders (AСVD) of the ischemic type (IT), and participated in ATO-JFO was carried out. Anomalies of cerebral arteries were found in all of them. A significant role of hypoplasia of the right posterior cerebral artery, aplasia of the posterior connective, left anterior cerebral and anterior connective, as well as pathological S-shaped tortuosity of the internal carotid artery, hypoplasia of the vertebral arteries and their combinations in the development of acute cerebrovascular disorders in ATO members was established.

In Japan, overwork-related disorders occur among local public employees as well as those in private businesses. However, to date, there are no studies reporting the state of compensation for cerebrovascular/cardiovascular diseases (CCVD) and mental disorders due to overwork or work-related stress among local public employees in Japan over multiple years. This report examined the recent trend of overwork-related CCVD and mental disorders, including the incidence rates of these disorders, among local public employees in Japan from the perspective of compensation for public accidents, using data from the Japanese Government and relevant organizations. Since 2000, compared to CCVD, there has been an overall increase in the number of claims and cases of compensation for mental disorders. Over half of the individuals receiving compensation for mental disorders were either in their 30s or younger. About 47% of cases of mental disorders were compensated due to work-related factors other than long working hours. The incidence rate by job type was highest among "police officials" and "fire department officials" for compensated CCVD and mental disorders cases, respectively. Changes in the trend of overwork-related disorders among local public employees in Japan under a legal foundation should be closely monitored.

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the effectiveness of professional oral health care (POHC) on patients who were in the subacute stage of neurosurgical disorders. Forty subjects (26 male, 14 female) with acute cerebrovascular disorders or neurotrauma were randomly divided into two groups. The intervention group (n = 21) received POHC treatment by dental hygienists, and the control group (n = 19) did not. To evaluate the change in oral health status of the subjects, an oral examination was carried out at baseline and four weeks later. For the subjects in the intervention group, periodontal condition, oral hygiene status, and oral function improved statistically significantly. The detection rate for methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was statistically significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group. These results suggest that POHC performed by dental hygienists in collaboration with nurses plays an important role in the promotion not only of oral health but also of general health.

This exciting new work on vascular neurology offers a richly illustrated and practical guide to assist in the clinical management and decision-making involved in this complex field. The authors have assembled a comprehensive collection of original visual material to create a uniquely informative visual reference for specialists and trainees alike.

Cerebral vascular events make up one of the main causes of death in Ecuador, although the prevention of these conditions are known, pre-existing risk factors contribute to their appearance, known as a major trigger for disability, these events lead to suffering from disorders language, speech, swallowing and voice. Speech therapy is the branch of health dedicated to treating these disorders. In the present investigation a case, its manifestations and clinical evaluations are exposed. The case corresponds to a 45-year-old female person who suffered from an atherothrombotic ischemic cerebrovascular event with several phonoaudiological sequel, an intervention program was carried out aimed at disorders secondary to the event, evaluating the results after early intervention, the effectiveness of it is demonstrated. Keywords: cerebrovascular event, speech therapy, disorder. References [1]L. A. Murria CJ, « Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global burden of disease study.,» Lancet, 1997. [2]Á. M. V., «El accidente cerebrovascular desde la mirada del rehabilitador,» Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, 2010. [3]Y. Vega, A. Torres and D. C. Manuel, «Análisis del Rol del Fonoaudiólogo(a) en el Sector Salud en Chile,» Ciencia & Trabajo, vol. 19, nº 59, 2017. [4]A. Chacon, C. Uribe, A. Muñoz, F. Salinas and J. Celis, «Guía de práctica clínica: Enfermedad cerebrovascular.». [5]C. Bargiela and B. M. d. Mar, «Accidente cerebro vascular,» Revista de la Sociedad de Medicina Interna de Buenos Aires, vol. II, pp. 02-05, 2001. [6]D. Moreno, D. Santamaría, C. Ludeña, A. Barco, D. Vásquez and R. Santibañez, «Enfermedad Cerebrovascular en el Ecuador: Análisis de los Últimos 25 Años de Mortalidad, Realidad Actual y Recomendaciones,» Revista Ecuatoriana de Neurología, vol. XXV, pp. 1-3, 2016. [7]J. Rojas, M. Zurru, L. Patrucco, M. Romano, P. Riccio and E. Cristiano, «Registro de enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica,» Medicina (Buenos Aires), pp. 547-551, 2006. [8]M. Gonzalez, A. Gonzalez, R. Pérez, T. Arrieta and Y. Martínez, «Caracterización del infarto cerebral de etiología aterotrombótica, del territorio carotídeo según tomografía computarizada.,» Revista Cubana de Medicina Militar, nº 4, 2012. [9]J. Fernández, «Enfermedad cerebrovascular: incidencia y tratamiento actual.,» CENIC Ciencias Biológicas, nº 3, pp. 152-178, 2014. [10]F. Silva, J. Zarruk, C. Quintero, W. Arenas, C. Rueda, S. Silva and A. Estupiñán, «Enfermedad cerebrovascular en Colombia,» Revista Colombiana de Cardiología, vol. XII, nº 2, 2006. [11]P. Ayala and Y. Marín, «Realidad Laboral del Fonoaudiólogo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos,» Signos Fónicos, vol. I, nº 1, 2015. ; Los eventos cerebrovasculares componen una de las principales causas de defunción en el Ecuador, pese a que la prevención de estas condiciones son conocidas, los factores de riesgos prexistentes coadyuvan a su aparición, conocido como un gran desencadenante de discapacidad, éstos eventos conllevan a padecer trastornos de lenguaje, habla, deglución y voz. La fonoaudiología es la rama de la salud que se dedica a tratar estos trastornos. En la presente investigación se expone un caso, sus manifestaciones y valoraciones clínicas. El caso corresponde a una persona de sexo femenino de 85 años de edad quien padeció de un evento cerebrovascular isquémico aterotrombótico con varias secuelas fonoaudiológicas, se realizó un programa de intervención dirigida a los trastornos secundarios al evento, valorando los resultados posteriores a la intervención temprana, se demuestra la eficacia de la misma. Palabras Clave: evento cerebrovascular, fonoaudiología, trastorno. Referencias [1]L. A. Murria CJ, « Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global burden of disease study.,» Lancet, 1997. [2]Á. M. V., «El accidente cerebrovascular desde la mirada del rehabilitador,» Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, 2010. [3]Y. Vega, A. Torres y D. C. Manuel, «Análisis del Rol del Fonoaudiólogo(a) en el Sector Salud en Chile,» Ciencia & Trabajo, vol. 19, nº 59, 2017. [4]A. Chacon, C. Uribe, A. Muñoz, F. Salinas y J. Celis, «Guía de práctica clínica: Enfermedad cerebrovascular.». [5]C. Bargiela y B. M. d. Mar, «Accidente cerebro vascular,» Revista de la Sociedad de Medicina Interna de Buenos Aires, vol. II, pp. 02-05, 2001. [6]D. Moreno, D. Santamaría, C. Ludeña, A. Barco, D. Vásquez y R. Santibañez, «Enfermedad Cerebrovascular en el Ecuador: Análisis de los Últimos 25 Años de Mortalidad, Realidad Actual y Recomendaciones,» Revista Ecuatoriana de Neurología, vol. XXV, pp. 1-3, 2016. [7]J. Rojas, M. Zurru, L. Patrucco, M. Romano, P. Riccio y E. Cristiano, «Registro de enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica,» Medicina (Buenos Aires), pp. 547-551, 2006. [8]M. Gonzalez, A. Gonzalez, R. Pérez, T. Arrieta y Y. Martínez, «Caracterización del infarto cerebral de etiología aterotrombótica, del territorio carotídeo según tomografía computarizada.,» Revista Cubana de Medicina Militar, nº 4, 2012. [9]J. Fernández, «Enfermedad cerebrovascular: incidencia y tratamiento actual.,» CENIC Ciencias Biológicas, nº 3, pp. 152-178, 2014. [10]F. Silva, J. Zarruk, C. Quintero, W. Arenas, C. Rueda, S. Silva y A. Estupiñán, «Enfermedad cerebrovascular en Colombia,» Revista Colombiana de Cardiología, vol. XII, nº 2, 2006. [11]P. Ayala y Y. Marín, «Realidad Laboral del Fonoaudiólogo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos,» Signos Fónicos, vol. I, nº 1, 2015.

OBJECTIVES: Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases (CCVDs) and mental disorders, including suicide, are prevalent among overworked individuals in Japan. The 2014 legislation regarding the prevention of overwork‐related deaths and disorders has accelerated the research in this field and ultimately the implementation of preventive actions. METHODS: To understand the current problematic situations, the Research Center for Overwork‐Related Disorders of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan, conducted analyses of compensated claims for overwork‐related CCVDs and mental disorders that were recognized from January 2010 to March 2015. RESULTS: The majority of CCVD cases were the men in their 50s. Transport and postal activities was the highest risk industry. Cerebrovascular cases were higher than cardiovascular ones. Long working hours was the principal factor for CCVDs. The mental disorder cases comprised approximately 70% men and affected younger age groups (peak in the third decade) with various industries at risk. In men, there was an almost equal number of F3 (Mood [affective] disorders) and F4 (Neurotic, stress‐related, and somatoform disorders) diagnoses according to the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. A larger number of women were diagnosed to have F4. The mental disorder cases were associated not only with long working hours, but also with injuries and disasters as well as interpersonal conflict at work. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple, simultaneous actions need to be made by employees, employers, researchers, and the authorities to achieve the goal of reducing the number of workers suffering from the overwork‐related CCVDs and mental disorders.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Several studies observed that people from lower socioeconomic groups have higher chances of dying of stroke. There are reasons to expect that these differences are relatively small in southern European countries or in Nordic welfare states. This report therefore presents an international overview of socioeconomic differences in stroke mortality. METHODS: Unpublished data on mortality by occupational class were obtained from national longitudinal studies or cross-sectional studies. The data refer to deaths among men aged 30 to 64 years in the 1980s. A common occupational class scheme was applied to most countries. The mortality difference between manual classes and nonmanual classes was measured in relative terms (by rate ratios) and in absolute terms (by rate differences). RESULTS: In all countries, manual classes had higher stroke mortality rates than nonmanual classes. This difference was relatively large in England and Wales, Ireland, and Finland and relatively small in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Italy, and Spain. Differences were intermediate in the United States, France, and Switzerland. In Portugal, mortality differences were intermediate in relative terms but large in absolute terms. In most countries, inequalities were much larger for stroke mortality than for ischemic heart disease mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic differences in stroke mortality are a problem common to all countries studied. There are probably large variations, however, in the contribution that different risk factors, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption, make to the stroke mortality excess of lower socioeconomic groups. Medical services can contribute to reducing socioeconomic differences in stroke mortality.

Intro -- RABBITS. BIOLOGY, DIET AND EATING HABITS AND DISORDERS -- RABBITS. BIOLOGY, DIET AND EATING HABITS AND DISORDERS -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter I: The Rabbit Brain As a Model of Structural Neuroplasticity -- Abstract -- Introduction -- A link between Adult Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Is not Granted -- Parenchymal Neurogenesis -- The Rabbit as a Model for Postnatal and Adult Neurogenesis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter II: A Survey on the Studies of Rabbit Prion Proteins -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Detailed Survey -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter III: The Effect of Reduced Dietary Consistency on the Fiber Properties of Rabbit Jaw Muscles -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Muscle Adaptation -- Animal Experiment -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter IV: The Use of Rabbits to Investigate the Pathogenesis of Disease -- Abstract -- Introduction -- 1. Cerebrovascular Disease -- 2. Cardiovascular Disease -- 3. Lung Disease -- 4. Liver Disease -- 5. Kidney Disease -- 6. Reproductive Disease and Erectile Dysfunction -- 7. Bone Disease -- 8. Viral Infection -- 9. Transgenic Rabbits -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter V: The Assessment of Sperm DNA Damage in the Rabbit Using the Halomax Assay -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter VI: Nutritional Effects of Plant Oil and Seeds in Rabbit Feeding -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Oilseed and Plant Oil Chemical Composition -- Mixed Feed Digestibility -- Meat Quality -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter VII: Current Studies on the Etiology of Obstructive Dysfunction of the Male Rabbit Urinary Bladder -- Abstract -- Introduction.

Incidences of repetitive mild TBI (r-mTBI), like those sustained by contact sports athletes and military personnel, are thought to be a risk factor for development of neurodegenerative disorders. Those suffering from chronic TBI-related illness demonstrate deficits in cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), the ability of the cerebral vasculature to respond to a vasoactive stimulus. CVR is thus an important measure of traumatic cerebral vascular injury (TCVI), and a possible in vivo endophenotype of TBI-related neuropathogenesis. We combined laser speckle imaging of CVR in response to hypercapnic challenge with neurobehavioral assessment of learning and memory, to investigate if decreased cerebrovascular responsiveness underlies impaired cognitive function in our mouse model of chronic r-mTBI. We demonstrate a profile of blunted hypercapnia-evoked CVR in the cortices of r-mTBI mice like that of human TBI, alongside sustained memory and learning impairment, without biochemical or immunohistopathological signs of cerebral vessel laminar or endothelium constituent loss. Transient decreased expression of alpha smooth muscle actin and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β, indicative of TCVI, is obvious only at the time of the most pronounced CVR deficit. These findings implicate CVR as a valid preclinical measure of TCVI, perhaps useful for developing therapies targeting TCVI after recurrent mild head trauma.