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This study empirically assessed the constraints to capital budget implementation in Nigeria. The methodology employed was both descriptive and analytical. Primary survey instrument was developed and distributed to 200 respondents in 20 federal ministries, departments and agencies within two contiguous states in the South-south geopolitical zone in the country. The ensuing data were analysed using multiple regression as well as correlation analyses. Results indicated, inter alia, that delay in budget presentation by the presidency as well as delays in approval by the national assembly, leakages associated with corruption and poor monitoring and evaluation of the budget were significant factors militating against effective capital budget implementation in Nigeria. The study recommended, among others, the strengthening of the budgetary processes and institutions as well as circumscribing a time frame within the legal framework for the executive and the legislature to present and approve the budget respectively.Keywords: Capital Budget Implementation, Nigeria, Fiscal Policy, Multiple Regression Analysis

The performance of the capital budget has been a subject of debate between the legislative and executive arms of the Nigerian government since 1999. Available statistics suggest that the annual budget has not been able to improve the lives of Nigerians over the past several years because of the weak link between capital budget implementation and poverty reduction, as indicated by the prevailing low index of capture in public expenditures. Using descriptive analysis, this paper examines the capital budget implementation in Nigeria by focusing on the 2012 Federal Government Budget. The findings indicate that only 51% of the total appropriated funds for capital expenditures were utilized as of December 31st, 2012. The observed level of performance is insufficient to foster rapid economic development and reduce poverty. Some of the challenges that are responsible for the low performance include poor conceptualization of the budget, the inadequacy of implementation plans, the non-release or late release of budgeted funds, the lack of budget performance monitoring, the lack of technical capacity among MDAs, and delays in budget passage and enactment. The paper recommends that Nigerian government formulate a realistic and credible budget, release appropriated funds early to Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs), and strengthen MDAs' technical capacity to utilize capital expenditures in order to improve the index of capture in public expenditures.

The study examined the impact of litigation services on budget implementation in Imo State. Three research question and three hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted correctional research design. The population of the study consisted of 53 (21 staff of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and Independent Corrupt Practices and other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) and 32 accounting officers in Public Complaints Commission, Corporate Affairs Commission, Federal Character Commission, Consumer Protection Council and National Human Rights Commission in Imo State) were conveniently selected for the study. A structured questionnaire using a five point rating scale was used for data collection. Cronbach alpha co-efficient used to establish the reliability of the instrument which yielded an overall coefficient of 0.86. Data related to the research questions were analyzed using mean and standard deviation while null hypotheses were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis to test the degree of impact/relationship at 0.05 level of significance. Findings of the study revealed that business valuation, revenue analysis and documentary evidence have an impact on budget implementation in Imo State. Findings revealed that business valuation has no significant impact on budget implementation, while on revenue analysis and documentary evidence it has significant impact on budget implementation in Imo State. The study concluded that litigation services of forensic accounting play a role in reducing motives and opportunity to commit budgetary fraud at both preparation and implementation of budget among agencies of government in Imo State. The study recommended among others that competent and qualified forensic accountants should be employed by anti-graft agencies to provide value-for-money audit on prepared budget of ministries and agencies of government to detect and prevent fraud.

This paper investigates the application of Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB) system to budget implementation by the Federal Government of Nigeria by ascertaining among others, the relationship between ZBB approach and budget performance indices in Nigeria. To achieve the above, primary data were obtained through questionnaires that were specifically designed for this study. The data obtained were analysed with the SPSS version 21. The statistical tools employed were Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Pearson Correlation Coefficiant (PCC). The Cronbach's Alpha reliability test was used to test the internal consistency/reliability of the instrument used for the study. On the basis of the analysis, we found that there is significant difference in the effectiveness of ZBB in terms of budget implementation compared to the Traditional Budgeting System (TBS). It was also found that the application of ZBB tend to be performance-driven and is able to detect the redundant programmes/projects and staff, thereby recommending either realignment, discharge, transfer or redeployment of projects or resources. The study therefore, recommends among others that ZBB should be encouraged as a good means of budget implementation and also close monitoring of budget execution should be enshrined in work ethics at every stage of budget preparation and implementation in the country. This is believed would go a long way to strengthen measures aimed at mitigating poor budget implementation in the country.

This article discusses local government finances in Poland and the scope of budget implementation statements taking into consideration literature analysis and regulation interpretation. In proving the research hypothesis as being valid, the project confirms that budget implementation statements of local governments give rise to the formation of judgements regarding said local government finances. Toward this end, the study assessments have quantitative values initially based on basic descriptive statistics, further developed through the application of Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient.

The study examined the effect of internally generated revenue on budget implementation in Ekiti State. Specifically the study analyzed trends of components of internally generated revenue in Ekiti state including taxes, fines & fees, licenses, earnings and sales, interest and dividend, evaluated the relative impact of internally generated revenue components on budget implementation, and also analyzed the causal relationship between internally generated revenue components and budget implementation in Ekiti state. The study made use of time series secondary data sourced from the annual budget of Ekiti state for a period of ten years spanning form 2007 to 2016. Data collated were analyzed with trend analysis, descriptive analyzes, correlation analysis, ordinary least square regression analysis and granger causality analysis. Result revealed that components of internally generated revenue in Ekiti State has increased considerably over the last ten years, relative impact of taxes on expenditure implementation stood at 4.754741(p=0.6232 > 0.05), relative impact of fines and fees on expenditure implementation stood at 0.354370 (P=0.9624 > 0.05), relative impact of licenses on expenditure implementation stood at 1.312830 (p=0.8427 > 0.05), relative impact of earnings and sales on expenditure implementation stood at 0.166495 (p=0.9877 > 0.05), relative impact of interest and dividend on expenditure implementation stood at 2.478020(p=0.7849 > 0.05), and that there is no causal relationship between components of internally generated revenue and expenditure implementation in Ekiti state. It was concluded that though internally generated revenue components identified in the study trended predominantly upwards over the last ten years, their relative impact on the level of budget implementation is not significant. More so the study established that there is no causal relationship between components of internally generated revenue and budget implementation. The study therefore recommended that Ekiti State Government should device a new framework for boosting the level of internally generated revenue in the state, in such a way that potentials and resources lying unused in the state will be harmonize to foster effective and efficient budget implementation. Government in the state should devise an Information Technology driven revenue mobilization mechanisms to ensure that revenue generated from all sources such as taxes, fines & fees, licenses, earnings & sales, interest and dividend are monitored and properly accounted for, also there is need for reduction of external borrowing that can culminate into excessive deduction in the statutory allocation, which could dampen the capacity of sustaining efficient level of budget implementation in the state.

This study aims to determine and analyze how much influence the implementation of performance-based budgeting on government agencies' performance accountability at the DPRD Secretariat Office of Boalemo Regency. This type of research is quantitative research, using a survey method. Our survey was conducted using a questionnaire as a data collection tool. The method of data analysis in this study uses path analysis. The results showed that the implementation of performance-based budgeting, which includes performance measurement, rewards and punishments, performance contracts, external and internal controls, and management accountability simultaneously has a significant effect on Performance Accountability at the DPRD Secretariat of Boalemo Regency. Performance measurement variables, rewards and punishments, external and internal controls, and management accountability have a positive and significant effect on performance accountability. In contrast, the sub-variable performance contracts have no significant impact on performance accountability