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Cruciform brooches were large and decorative items of jewellery, frequently used to pin together women's garments in pre-Christian northwest Europe. Characterised by the strange bestial visages that project from the feet of these dress and cloak fasteners, cruciform brooches were especially common in eastern England during the 5th and 6th centuries AD. For this reason, archaeologists have long associated them with those shadowy tribal originators of the English: the Angles of the Migration period. This book provides a multifaceted, holistic and contextual analysis of more than 2,000 Anglo-Saxon cruciform brooches. It offers a critical examination of identity in Early Medieval society, suggesting that the idea of being Anglian in post-Roman Britain was not a primordial, tribal identity transplanted from northern Germany, but was at least partly forged through the repeated, prevalent use of dress and material culture. Additionally, the particular women that were buried with cruciform brooches, and indeed their very funerals, played an important role in the process. These ideas are explored through a new typology and an updated chronology for cruciform brooches, alongside considerations of their production, exchange and use. The author also examines their geographical distribution through time and their most common archaeological contexts: the inhumation and cremation cemeteries of early Anglo-Saxon England. Dr Toby Martin is a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow at the Institute of Archaeology, Oxford University

Introduction. The article is devoted to characterizing the decorative features of the fibulabrooch discovered during the study of the mound in the northern surrounding areas of Cherkessk (territory of the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia) and stored in the collection of the Stavropol State Museum. The aim of the publication is to introduce the poorly known scientific material into scientific use. A full set of illustrations and accurate measurements will further avoid confusion with the description of the specific artifact (in existing publications there are no drawings; conclusions are based only on photos). Explanations relate to the history of the brooch and details of its decoration.

Methods. The comparative typological method is used as a working one. It is based on the classification by material, processing method, form, ornamentation, as well as identifying and studying types of brooches with pendants. The comparative analysis of the decor of the brooch from the Stavropol museum and similar brooches with pendants found in the western part of the North Caucasus shows the variety of polychrome decoration production technologies in the region in the 3rd – 1st centuries BC: preserving the traditions of Bosporan jewelry art; distribution of the elements of Colchian toreutics.

Analysis. The paper considers design features of brooches from the Stavropol museum and monuments of the Western Ciscaucasia: details of zoomorphic figurines; characteristics of caste design; wire inlay; form and features of enamel inserts; character of pendant weaving and features of the design of suspended discs.

Results. In the production of hollow zoomorphic images of the 3rd – 1st century BC there were two lines of development: 1) simplified modeling of figurines modeled on the pattern of Colchian products of the 5th – 4th centuries BC (Psenafa and others); 2) continuation of the tradition of producing jewelry with enamel (brooch from the mound in the land of Rodina state farm). In the first case, the simplicity and negligence of execution evidence established local production of imitations of Colchian images. In the second case, elegance of images and refinement of execution emphasize the creation of brooches of Karachay-Cherkessia in one of the centers of Bosporus toreutics which was under the influence of Colchian jewelry.

Garnet-inlaid metalwork was an emblem of elite culture in the early medieval North Sea world. This study compares three Anglo-Saxon garnet-inlaid brooches that are exceptionally similar in design and appearance. All three date to the seventh century, a period that saw the emergence of leading families that used such deluxe dress items to enhance their political position. The central hypothesis explored here is that the brooches were produced by the same, or by closely linked, goldsmiths working under the patronage of such a family. Integrated analysis was conducted using microscopy, CT scans, XRF and XRD, in part to establish whether the garnets used came from the same or different sources.

Garnet-inlaid metalwork was an emblem of elite culture in the early medieval North Sea world. This study compares three Anglo-Saxon garnet-inlaid brooches that are exceptionally similar in design and appearance. All three date to the seventh century, a period that saw the emergence of leading families that used such deluxe dress items to enhance their political position. The central hypothesis explored here is that the brooches were produced by the same, or by closely linked, goldsmiths working under the patronage of such a family. Integrated analysis was conducted using microscopy, CT scans, XRF and XRD, in part to establish whether the garnets used came from the same or different sources.

In 2018, in the course of the works by the Joint North Caucasian Archaeological Expedition of the State Historical Museum, KBSU, KBNTs and IA RAS, female burial 124 was discovered at the Zayukovo-3 burial ground in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Two Roman brooches with enamel inserts were found near the waist of the buried woman. Probably, the jewelry was used as fasteners of a woven belt. The burial dates to the first half of the 3 rd century AD.

The uniqueness of the Knop Bow Fibula (Bügelknopffibeln) from burial 114 lies in the presence of a short, trapezoidal stem and very large buttons (knobs) on the head and ends of the spring and broche from burial 183 and the cult layer of the burial ground is seen in the presence of a plate-"axes" at the transition point of the back to the head and a pentagonal plate on the stem. In the area of the Chernyakhov/Ŝantana de Mureş culture Bügelknopffibeln from 19 burial grounds from burials and the cult layer originate. Bügelknopffibeln appear in the conditions of the formed "classical" Chernyakhov/Ŝantana de Mureş (Stage C 3) culture and exist until its finale. In our sample of 21 brooches, only 4 were in inhumation graves, and the rest were in cremations and the cult layer. Graves with the Bügelknopffibeln belong mainly to persons with a high position in the vertical vector of the social structure. These brooches also mark the position in its horizontal vector. For example, materials from grave 114 Voitenky identify not only a "professional warrior" but also a migrant. The development of brooches of the Zwiebelknopffibel group in the Roman Empire also influenced the development of brooches in the Barbaricum. And due to their great importance in the Roman army and society, these brooches and their imitations were valued in a similar way outside the empire.

This chapter addresses socio-political structure and change through the examination of spatial and temporal differences in the deposition of brooches in burial contexts and aspects of burial practices. Diachronic sub-regions within Rogaland and parts of southern Hordaland are inferred, enabling a further address of the trajectories within sub-regions and how they interrelate in ongoing socio-political processes. The paradox of observed concurrent processes of homogenisation and upsurges of local or regional particularities is addressed through the theoretical framework of globalisation. Within the study area, the sub-regions of Jæren and the Outer coast/Karmsund appear most defined throughout the period AD 200–1000. Here, quite different trajectories are observed, indicating a parallel development of different practices and sub-regional identities.

A close examination of spatial variability in the specified objects in an area between the Rhine/Danube and the Loire, stretching as far as Britannia in the west and Pannonia in the East. Initially a theoretical framework is set out in the context of the archaeological background. Each object type is then analysed in terms of form and decorative style and the occurrence of specific features is shown on distribution maps. Possible production areas can be suggested for different decorative styles. The distribution maps and studies of the range of variability in each category also provide information concerning the scale of manufacture and mechanisms of dispersal; in turn these relate to the level of demand and the changing function of the object. Patterns occurring are then compared to one another and interpreted in terms of their gender and status associations and their overall economic, social, political and cultural significance for the late Roman Western Empire. Links are established between different regions and it is possible to trace the movements of those travelling with the army. Many sites can be shown to have a significant foreign element, with clusters of associated objects which can be sourced to another area. Concentrations of finds along the frontier and in linear distributions in other areas give an indication of contemporary activity at adjacent sites, and shifts in the spatial patterning of objects during the fourth to fifth century transition period provides a fresh insight into the late Roman west and beyond.

The article examines the women's costume of the East German tradition, widespread in the North Caucasus and Crimea during the Great Migration Period. It is characterized by one or two big two-plate brooches (more than 10 cm long), worn on the chest or shoulders. In Crimea and Taman, a costume with such brooches in the first half of the 5th century had a prestigious character. In the Caucasus, most of the burials with this costume were found on the Black Sea coast of the North Caucasus, primarily at the Durso burial ground near modern Novorossiysk. In the VI century, written sources record the Gothic Tetraxites here. In the Vth century, the Tetraxite Goths moved from Eastern Crimea to the North Caucasus. Outside the coastal zone, large double-plate brooches and their smaller copies are found on sites of the Pashkovsky - Karpovka type, which belonged to the proto-Adyghe population of the Kuban and Black Sea region. A costume with two double-plate brooches was certainly considered prestigious, at least among the Tetraxite Goths who left the Durso necropolis. The graves in which the outfit in question was located usually had quite rich grave goods. The costume with double-plate brooches on the chest and shoulders was of East German origin. Its prototype existed in the Chernyakhov archaeological culture. During the Hunnic period, a costume with small two-plate brooches, which became especially widespread in the Chernyakhov culture and in the northern Black Sea region, where it became the basis for the formation of a "princely" costume with big brooches of a similar shape. In turn, in the second half of the Vth century, this prestigious costume became the prototype of a headdress with large double-plate brooches as a "folk" copy of the prestigious costume of the Hunnic period. This costume became typical of the "middle class" among the East Germans and became widespread in the Barbaricum from the North Caucasus to the Pyrenees.

The article examines a collection of metal elements of costume from the Roman period and the Great Migration period from the State Historical Museum. It comes from Eastern Crimea (Kerch or Theodosia). Among the Roman time artifacts, the most numerous are brooches and buckles, bracelets, and pendants of "barbarian" origin, associated with the Sarmatians, Germans, and, possibly, the Western Balts. Items from the era of the Great Migrations, including brooches, buckles, and bracelets, belong to the Goths of the Cimmerian Bosporus. Their presence in this collection allows us to reiterate the question about the population of Theodosia at the beginning of the Middle Ages.