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To be fat hasn't always occasioned the level of hysteria that this condition receives today and indeed was once considered an admirable trait. Fat Shame: Stigma and the Fat Body in American Culture explores this arc, from veneration to shame, examining the historic roots of our contemporary anxiety about fatness. Tracing the cultural denigration of fatness to the mid 19th century, Amy Farrell argues that the stigma associated with a fat body preceded any health concerns about a large body size. Firmly in place by the time the diet industry began to flourish in the 1920s, the development of fat

Abstract
In this article I consider the lived fat body and its relation to clothing by thinking fat experience as analogous to the situation of women as laid out in The Second Sex ([1949, 1951] 2010).

Do you remember the big stink in the U.S. a few years back surrounding McDonald's and their food, most notably French fries? It was the big trans-fat scare! That's right, we were being poisoned by the evil clown with deadly fat and something had to be done! Yeah, because we're not adults or anything… So the government stepped in and the burger giant was forced to change their frying oil. On the surface of it, it's nice of good old Uncle Sam to take care of us right? To watch out for we, the ignorant masses, and make sure that when we're shoving super-sized fries into our feed holes that they're not entirely unhealthy! Okay… but do you know that despite the choice you make to visit Mickey Dee's, there is in fact something found in virtually every can, box or bag of food in the grocery aisle that's incredibly addictive, almost immediately turns to fat when you eat it and is one of the leading causes of most of the ailments we suffer today? So what is this killer, which is not only ignored by the government but actually supported by it? SUGAR That's right, processed sugar in its many forms is one of the most used ingredients in all processed and packaged foods. That includes regular white sugar, brown sugar, corn syrup, maltodextrin and a host of others. Want proof? Try this experiment the next time you go shopping. Walk down the aisles and examine the stuff you normally buy. Including stuff you wouldn't even think they'd put sugar in – soup, salad dressing, instant potatoes, juice, frozen foods and even baby foods… Now, if you read the list of ingredients you'll find some of the sugars I mentioned above. Keep in mind that this list of ingredients is organized from the highest concentration to the lowest. So if some kind of sugar is listed in the first three ingredients – and it's often #1 or #2 – then you're eating a whole lot of it. Sugar is a killer and, while okay in small quantities, is extremely unhealthy, fattening and addictive. That's right – thousands of independent clinical studies have shown that sugar is more addictive than cocaine and even heroine… …and it's in virtually everything we eat! So is it any wonder why you might find it hard to drop the poundage? Here's something else to ponder before we say goodbye. There's actually a list of vegetables that are routinely served in restaurants and found in the produce section of the grocery store that are generally thought to be healthy… but are actually very bad for you and inhibit your ability to drop weight! Health, fitness and weight loss are complex issues and we've been fed a lot of myths over the years. That's why I've made it my goal in life to share the truth about foods, exercise and weight loss that we westerners have been denied for so long! If you're looking to lose weight, have ever struggled with your weight or are just sick and tired of paying for the next big fitness craze, diet or gizmo that never seems to work, then I'd like to invite you to learn more about the foods you eat and the way your body works. Click this link now and watch my presentation where I'll reveal some of the biggest weight loss myths and prove to you through hard science why they don't work and how we've all been bilked for billions!

This article interrogates how body positive and fat activist blogs offer alternative ways of feeling one's body, using the Finnish More to Love ( MTL, 2009–2013) and its successor PlusMimmi ( PM, 2013–) and the American Queer Fat Femme Guide to Life ( QFF, 2008–) as its examples. We investigate how these blogs, despite their differences, invite their publics not only to feel positive about their own and others' norm-exceeding bodies, but to feel in their bodies. While previous studies have criticized body positive discourses for employing a simplistic language of choice and relying on heteronormative logics of feminine attractiveness, they have not paid specific attention to how exactly body positive media attract and engage people affectively. In this article, MTL, PM, and QFF's strategies of inviting their followers to feel in their bodies are analyzed in the context of three key themes: exercise, fashion, and sex. We argue that when explored through the framework of affect, fat activist blogs do not present body positivity simply as a matter of choice but offer a space to feel through the affective contradictions of inhabiting a fat feminine body in a sizeist society. At their best, body positive blogs open up spaces of comfort which can be radical for bodies accustomed to discomfort.

This article engages with recent critical research on the obesity epidemic to think through the bioethics of current obesity prevention and consider alternative responses to fat bodies. To develop such an approach, it offers a feminist "body becoming" theory of fat that interweaves constructivist and new materialist theories with embodied and aesthetic perspectives to imagine other possibilities for fat embodiment. Thinking beyond conventional biopedagogical interventions that send moralizing messages about what bodies should be, I theorize a "becoming" pedagogy that moves away from enforcing norms toward more creative ways of expanding possibilities for what bodies could become. Because in our boundary-setting world this kind of imagining is considered the work of the artist and not within the purview of the social scientist, I turn to the arts and to aesthetic theory for insight and inspiration in this project. I discuss representations that focus on embodying and materializing change among individuals and groups so as to transform social scripts about body, ability, and normality.

Front Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Making Sense of the New Global Body Norms / Alexandra Brewis -- 1: From Thin to Fat and Back Again: A Dual Process Model of the Big Body Mass Reversal / Daniel J. Hruschka -- 2: Managing Body Capital in the Fields of Labor, Sex, and Health / Alexander Edmonds and Ashley Mears -- 3: Fat and Too Fat: Risk and Protection for Obesity Stigma in Three Countries / Eileen P. Anderson-Fye, Stephanie M. McClure, Maureen Floriano, Arundhati Bharati, Yunzhu Chen, and Caryl James -- 4: Excess Gains and Losses: Maternal Obesity, Infant Mortality, and the Biopolitics of Blame / Monica J. Casper -- 5: Symbolic Body Capital of an "Other" Kind: African American Females as a Bracketed Subunit in Female Body Valuation / Stephanie M. McClure -- 6: Fat Is a Linguistic Issue: Discursive Negotiation of Power, Identity, and the Gendered Body among Youth / Nicole L. Taylor -- 7: Body Size, Social Standing, and Weight Management: The View from Fiji / Anne E. Becker -- 8: Glocalizing Beauty: Weight and Body Image in the New Middle East / Sarah Trainer -- Conclusion: Fat Matters: Capital, Markets, and Morality / Rebecca J. Lester and Eileen P. Anderson-Fye -- References -- Contributors -- Index -- Back Cover.

This article brings together two concepts, 'phantom fat' and 'liminal fat', which both aim to grasp how fat in contemporary culture becomes a kind of material immateriality, corporeality in suspension. Comparing the spheres of representation and experience, we examine the challenges and usefulness of these concepts, and feminist fat studies perspectives more broadly, to feminist scholarship on the body. We ask what connects and disconnects fat corporeality and fat studies from ways of theorising other embodied differences, like gender, 'race', disability, class and sexuality, especially when thinking through their perceived mutability or removability, and assumptions about their relevance for subjectivity. While it is important to consider corporeality and selfhood as malleable and open to change in order to mobilise oppressive normativities around gendered bodies and selves, we argue that more attention should also be paid to the persistence of corporeality and a feeling of a relatively stable self, and the potential for empowerment in not engaging with or idealising continuous transformation and becoming. Furthermore, we suggest that the concepts of phantom fat and liminal fat can help shed light on some problematic ways in which feminist studies have approached – or not approached – questions of fat corporeality in relation to the politics of health and bodily appearance. Questions of weight, when critically interrogated together with other axes of difference, highlight how experiential and subjugated knowledges, as well as critical inquiry of internal prejudices, must remain of continued key importance to feminist projects. ; peerReviewed

Abstract
Eating habits with uniform food preferences and increased energy intake can contribute to increased gain of body fat. An adequate diet, body self-evaluation, and recognition of unhealthy nutrition patterns should promote appropriate corrective actions. The aim of the present study was to determine whether energy intake, food diversity and corrective modification of body mass differed among student groups with low, normal and high body fat percentage. The study involved 737 (158 male and 579 female) students of the Rîga Stradiòð University (age 18-49 years). Dietary behaviour was determined using self-administered questionnaire. Body fat percentage was determined with a Tanita MC-180 bioimpedance analyser. Fluid and food intake, as well as physical activity before the test was restricted. The results showed that 15% of students in the low, 38% in the normal and 62% in the high body fat percentage groups considered that they eat too much. In the low, normal and high body fat percentage groups of students, 27%, 37% and 42%, respectively, agreed that they do restrict food intake. There were no significant differences in normalised energy intake and food diversity indexes between these student groups. Students in the high body fat percentage group more frequently admitted eating to much, and their corrective behaviour was associated more with reduced amounts of eaten food rather than minimisation of energy intake and increased food diversity. In all fat percentage groups, female students more frequently admitted that they eat too much and more often tended to restrict food intake than male students.

This project was supported by the National Funds through FCT - Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (UID/DTP/04045/2013) - and the European Fund for regional development (FEDER) allocated by European Union through the COMPETE 2020 Programme (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006969), and it was supported by the Project NanoSTIMA: Macro-toNano Human Sensing, Towards Integrated Multimodal Health Monitoring and Analytics, NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000016, co-financed by European Fund for Regional Development (FEDER) - NORTE 2020 ; Research studies agreed that strength and aerobic training either combined or performed separately promote bone density, aerobic capacity, and explosive strength improvements in childhood. Nevertheless, there still is uncertainty regarding to the best training program to be implemented that efficiently improve body fat percentage. The current study aimed to compare different training program's designs on body fat percentage in prepubertal boys.One hundred twenty-three boys (10.93 ± 0.57 years) were randomly assigned into five experimental groups to perform different training protocols for 8 weeks: strength-only (SG), aerobic-only (AG), inter-session concurrent aerobic-strength training (ASG_2), intra-session concurrent aerobic-strength training (ASG), intra-session concurrent strength-aerobic training (SAG), and a control group, no training (CG). SG, AG, ASG and SAG groups performed single sessions two days per week. ASG_2 group performed on different days each week (two and two days per week). The strength training program comprised plyometric exercises (medicine ball throws and jumps) and sprint running. The aerobic training program comprised the 20m shuttle run exercise. Body fat percentage was assessed using a body composition analyzer (Tanita TBF-300A) before and after the 8-weeks of the training program.Body fat percentage showed significant decrements from pre- to the post-training in the ASG_2 (17.6%, p=0.004), SG (16.1%, p=0.000), and SAG (17.7%, p=0.000) groups. There was an impairment in the ASG (4.2%, p=0.492) and control group CG (16.8%, p=0.000). No differences were presented in the AG (p=0.053).The order of intra-session concurrent training influenced body fat percentage changes. Moreover, performing intra-session concurrent strength and aerobic training is more useful than strength or aerobic training only and concurrent training in different sessions to decrease body fat percentage in prepubertal boys. These results have a meaningful interest to optimized school-based fat loss exercise programs in childhood.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1. Because I'm Fat, I Don't Deserve Satisfaction? A Young Fat Woman's Experience of Sex -- 2. "Neither Sari nor Sorry": An Open Letter to the Indian Yummy Mummy -- 3. Beautiful/Ugly -- 4. "I'm Not Fat. I'm Pregnant": A Critical Discussion of Current Debates in Body Size, Fatness, Pregnancy, and Motherhood -- 5. Eating While Fat: Mapping the Journey -- 6. (Not) Too Fat to Tango -- 7. "Who's Afraid of the Big Fat Feminist": An Autoethnographic Account of Fatness in Academic Feminist Spaces -- 8. The Rock Goddess in Large -- 9. The Unpopularity of Being Fat and Black in Popular Culture: A Case Study on Gabourey Sidibe -- 10. She Says -- 11. The Elephant in the (Class)room -- 12. "Your Wheelchair Is So Slim": A Meditation on the Social Enactment of Beauty and Disability -- 13. My Body Is My Business -- 14. On Learning Self-Love: How One Curvy, Disabled Brown Femme Navigates the Body as a Site of Daily Struggle of Living with/in Pain -- 15. the line -- 16. Just What the Doctor Ordered? Interrogating the Narrative of Curing the Fat Body -- 17. Body Lessons -- 18. "Here Comes Fat May": Learning and Relearning to Love My Body -- 19. My New Skin-Tattoos and Skin-Deep Body Love -- 20. A Call for Self-Love -- 21. Self-Acceptance: An Unfinished, Intergenerational Story -- 22. Braced -- 23. Lessons Learned from Fat Women on Television -- 24. Embodied: The Female Body as a Repository of Experience -- 25. Like It or Not: A Dose of Fat Activism for the Medical Community -- 26. "Men Are Not Dogs. They Don't Throw Themselves on the Bones": Fat as Desirable -- 27. Two Poems -- 28. Being Gentle with Myself: A Lifelong Work in Progress -- 29. Interpretation.