Suchergebnisse

This article examines the implementation of the Global Environment Facility's (GEF) Mexico-Mesoamerican Biological Corridor in Chiapas, Mexico, in order to explore how stakeholder participation is increasingly employed as a tool of conservation's neoliberalisation. This requires an understanding of participation via the corridor as productive, in that it facilitates the production of new, albeit fictitious, kinds of biodiversity in the commodity form, and of new modes of social reproduction increasingly mediated by market relations, as access to common property resources and the necessities of life are progressively restricted to one's ability to pay. In this way the corridor produces the conditions under which a 'market citizenship' can flourish, with participation re-imagined as a means through which this end is achieved.

The biological corridors includes core protected areas, forest and wetland habitats outside of protected areas, agricultural lands and settlements. As an integral component of the proposed project, a long-term financial plan will be developed based on the review of current and future costs of managing the corridors by gathering information from government, community, and private investments. ; PES-1 (Payments for Environmental Services Associate Award)

Abstract
Context An effective management of human–wildlife conflict is key to successful conservation, especially in areas where large carnivores occur. This is particularly important when new conservation regimes such as biological corridors are to be operationalised, as is the case in Bhutan.
Aims The aim of the study was to determine livestock depredation by tigers in a biological corridor (BC) in Bhutan and to assess the people's perception towards tiger conservation and BC management.
Methods A semi-structured questionnaire survey with both open- and closed-ended questions was administered to 91 households from 10 villages. Chi-square tests were used to determine the association between predictor and response variables and multivariate logistic regressions to determine factors affecting the attitude of people towards conservation.
Key results Livestock losses were common, with 69% of respondents losing one or more livestock to predators between 2016 and 2018. Tigers were responsible for 58.9% of all kills. The people's awareness of the BC was low (16%), but still they had a positive attitude towards tiger conservation (68%) and BC management (65%). Knowledge on the BC was higher in males than in females, in people with than without a formal education, and in inner- than buffer-zone villages. The respondents' attitude towards conservation was significantly more positive in people being aware of the BC, with a formal education, and that had not suffered livestock depredation.
Conclusions Overall, the results suggest that tigers are active in the BC and that livestock depredation is high. People's knowledge on the BC was low, and a positive attitude towards conservation was driven by cultural values and education level. Implementation of preventive measures, addressing depredation issues and conducting awareness education programs, will further enhance positive attitudes.
Implications The present study highlighted the need for wildlife damage prevention and mitigating the prevailing conflicts in the BCs. Additionally, communities in and around the BCs need to be informed of conservation programs so that they become conservation partners.

El autor analiza el proceso de la globalización de los recursos de la biodiversidad en la región mesoamericana (América Central y el sur-sureste de México) a través del Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano. En este proyecto se establece una forma de ordenamiento territorial para la utilización de los recursos de la biodiversidad mediante una regulación político-institucional en la región mesoamericana, en el marco del Convenio sobre Diversidad Biológica (CDB). Este convenio está orientado a la apropiación de la biodiversidad y es inducido por organizaciones no gubernamentales, instituciones financieras internacionales, agencias internacionales de cooperación y los gobiernos de la región, desde un proceso creciente de privatización de la política y en un contexto de transformación del Estado. ; The author analyzes the globalization process of biodiversity resources in the Mesoamerican region (Central America and Southern Mexico) through the Biological Corridor of Mesoamerica. In this project it is established a form of territorial planning to utilize biodiversity resources through a political-institutional regulation in the region, and within the constraints of an Agreement on Biological Diversity (CDB). This agreement is geared toward biodiversity appropriation. It is led by non-governmental organizations, international financial institutions, foreign agencies of cooperation and regional governments, from an increasing process of political privatization and the context of the State transformation.

Nubia's position both geographically and historically made it a natural laboratory for application of a historical diffusionist paradigm. That approach, which dominated research on Nubia before 1960, led to a view of Nubian culture history as a series of disconnected episodes, each characterized by the migration, displacement, or hybridization of differing racial stocks. The International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia, begun in 1960, provided a new view of Nubian history, emphasizing both cultural and biological continuity since earliest times. From that perspective, it has become possible to reconsider the forces of biological and cultural change in the Nubian corridor over the past 12,000 years, and to propose that the most reasonable explanation for biocultural change in the Nubia is in situ evolution. [Nubia, biological determinism, biocultural adaptation, diffusionism]

Metadata only record ; The project will cover a total of around 5,000 hectares. It aims first at restoring forest corridors linking fragmented habitats between the Analamazaotra Special Indri Lemur Reserve, the Maromizaha Private Forest and Mantadia National Park complex in east-central Madagascar. These parks are at the core of the remaining fragments of the Malagasy rainforest, are extremely rich in terms of biodiversity, and continue to be severely deforested. Second, the project will also establish sustainable forest and fruit gardens that will provide alternative livelihoods to local communities and a buffer around the corridor. In addition, the project aims at protecting an area of 80,000 ha of prime or degraded forest north of the corridor, so as to maintain continuity up to Zahamena National Park, located approximately 100km to the north. The overall goal is to enhance the viability of the livelihoods of both people and native biodiversity, while mitigating emissions of greenhouse gases. The additional income from the carbon sequestration is essential to the realization of this goal. More specifically, the project will establish natural forest corridors allowing viable biological connectivity among several currently isolated forests and protected areas and promote sustainable cultivation systems. The forest gardens are envisioned to comprise a significant proportion of local forest plants (primarily Ravensara aromatica, which can be planted so as to mimic local forests in both structure and function). The project falls under the umbrella of the Third Environment Program of the Republic of Madagascar, a $150M program to protect natural resources in the Island supported by major environmental NGOs, bilateral and multilateral donors, including the World Bank (IDA) and the Global Environmental Facility. This Program implements the National Environmental Action Plan of the Government. ; PES-1 (Payments for Environmental Services Associate Award)

This article examines the implementation of the Global Environment Facility's (GEF) MexicoMesoamerican Biological Corridor in the Lacandón Jungle of Chiapas, México. As an Integrated Conservation and Development Project, the Corridor is rooted in the GEF's "universal blueprint", a program of biodiversity marketization as a simultaneous conservation and poverty reduction strategy. It is argued that the blueprint, whose framework both assumes and demands clearly delineated property rights as the vehicle for determining payments for the preservation of ecosystem services, denied the existence of Chiapas' historic conflict over land, thereby adding a new layer to it. The increasing ubiquity of marketbased conservation strategies such as the Corridor may lead to or exacerbate conflicts over land and resources. Outcomes tend to favour more powerfully-situated local actors. Such projects, rather than solving poverty and inequality, may lead to new forms of marginalization, while undermining conservation goals.Keywords: Global Environment Facility, Mexico-Mesoamerican Biological Corridor, market-based conservation, land tenure conflict.

Front Cover -- About Island Press -- Subscribe -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1. Background: Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Climate Change -- Human-Induced Change and Habitat Loss -- Climate Change Overview -- Limitations to Protected Areas -- Reconnecting Our Planet -- Growth of Connectivity Science and Practice -- 2. The Ecological Framework -- Island Biogeography -- Metapopulation Theory: Conceptual History -- Metapopulation Processes -- Dispersal -- The Demography of Extinction -- Genetic Structuring -- A Longer-Term Perspective -- Metacommunity Theory -- Beyond Metacommunities: Landscape and Ecoscape Concepts -- 3. Understand Fragmentation -- Natural versus Human-Induced Fragmentations -- Speed and Pattern of Change -- Consequences of Human-Induced Fragmentation -- Changes in Species Composition of Patches -- Genetic Considerations Affecting Species Extinction -- Role of the Matrix -- Edges and Edge Effects -- 4. Approaches to Achieving Habitat Connectivity -- What Is a Corridor? -- Types of Corridors -- Riparian Areas -- Corridors for Individual Species Conservation -- Corridor Complexities -- Biological Benefits -- Benefits to Humans -- 5. Corridor Design Objectives -- Focal Species Considerations -- Habitat Requirements -- Dispersal Considerations -- Generalist versus Specialist -- Behavioral Factors -- Sensitivity to Human Activity -- Physical Limitations -- Topography and Microclimate for Climate-Wise Connectivity -- Corridor Quality: Continuity, Composition, and Dimension -- Continuous Corridors -- Stepping-Stone Connectivity -- Habitat Quality -- Corridor Dimensions -- Landscape Configuration -- Riparian Corridors -- Hydrologic Habitat Connectivity: Structural, Functional, and Ecological -- Ecological Networks for Conservation.