In the short and medium term, Rhone basin will have significant discharge water decreases and changes in the seasonality of the hydrological regime, causing serious economic and environmental repercussions. The analysis is carried out through a hydrological model applied to the climatic values of observed period, used as reference in the comparison of two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios in two future periods. Results have determined a significant decrease in water discharge capacity, being in some cases 30%. Environmental systems characterized by altitudinal features have established important differences in the final water balance, high mountain areas have been the most sensitive areas to climate change. Decrease in water resources will establish important adaptations to the new challenges imposed by these water scarcity scenarios. ; La cuenca del Ródano se enfrenta a corto y medio plazo a importantes descensos en el volumen de sus aguas y a cambios en la estacionalidad del régimen hidrológico, lo que generará importantes repercusiones económicas y ambientales. El análisis llevado a cabo en el presente artículo emplea un modelo hidrológico sobre valores climáticos del periodo actual que sirve de referencia para la comparación de cuatro escenarios futuros de Concentración de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (RCP). Los resultados demuestran que se puede producir un importante descenso de la capacidad de producción hídrica de la cuenca, llegando en las condiciones más desfavorables al 30 % del total. La comparación de estos efectos en diversos sistemas ambientales caracterizados por rasgos altitudinales, señala importantes diferencias en el balance hídrico final, siendo las áreas de alta montaña las zonas de la cuenca más sensibles al cambio climático. En conclusión, la evidente pérdida de recursos hídricos supone importantes desafíos y obliga a revisar los actuales sistemas de gestión del agua. ; À court et moyen terme, le bassin du Rhône subit des baisses importantes du volume de ses eaux et des changements dans la saisonnalité du régime hydrologique, générant d'importantes répercussions économiques et environnementales. L'analyse est réalisée à travers un modèle hydrologique appliqué sur les valeurs climatiques de la période actuelle. Ces données serviront de référence dans la comparaison de deux scénarios de concentration de gaz à effet de serre (PCR) dans deux périodes futures. Les résultats ont déterminé une diminution significative de la capacité de production d'eau du bassin, en supposant dans certains cas 30% du total. Les analyses élaborées dans les systèmes environnementaux caractérisés par des caractéristiques altitudinales ont établi des différences importantes dans le bilan hydrique final, montrant les zones de haute montagne comme les zones les plus sensible au changement climatique. La perte de ressources en eau impliquera d'importantes adaptations aux nouveaux défis imposés par ces scénarios de rareté croissante de l'eau.
Le cadre des contraintes dans lequel le secteur agricole poursuit son developpement est de plus en plus rigoureux: reduction du potentiel hydrique, aleas climatiques, evolution demographique, la proximite du Nigeria. Le developpement du secteur agro-sylvo-pastoral reflete le poids de ses contraintes. Un signe alarmant est le fait que le Niger semble etre passe d'une situation excedentaire au plan de son equilibre alimentaire a une position inverse. De son cote, l'Etat a fonde a travers ses plans, programmes et sa legislation une certain strategie, dont les idees dominantes ont evolue en faveur d'actions de plus en plus ciblees geographiquement destines a des populations mieux organisees. Les paysans ne sont pas demeures plonges dans une sorte de passivite. L'analyse de quelques projets et operations montrent la faible efficacite des mesures de politique agricole generale. Le poids du voisin nigerian est considerable. (DÜI-Wgm)
This Ph.D. thesis is part of the MAISEO project associating partners among them: the CACG, managing the water supply of several watersheds located in the south west of France, the Meteo-France center and the CESBIO. One of the goals is to develop innovative and operational tools to estimate crops' water needs at the territory scale. The aim is to provide managers tools to better manage the water supplies linked to the predominant crop encountered in south west of France: maize. The objective of the thesis was to estimate the yield and water requirements of maize crop over large areas. For this purpose, we used an agro-meteorological model coupled to optical satellite imagery. Numerous high spatial and temporal resolution images from different sensors have been used, prefiguring the arrival of the Sentinel-2 data launched in 2015. The first part was to combine remote sensing data with the SAFY (Simple Algorithm For Yield estimates) crop model (Duchemin et al., 2008a) that simulates plant development based on Monteith theory (Monteith, 1972) in order to accurately estimate maize biomass and yield. Numerous field data have been used for the validation at local scale. At regional scale, the results have been aggregated and compared to Agreste yield statistics provided by the French government. Results led us to propose a new formulation of the SAFY model taking into account the temporal variation of the effective light use efficiency (ELUE) and of the specific leaf area (SLA). This modification allows a better simulation of the crop growth dynamics and an improvement of yield estimates at the local and regional scale. Furthermore, we changed the calibration method in order to limit the use of in situ data that are difficult to access over large areas. We also highlighted the contribution of the double logistic function, used to interpolate the NDVI time series. This interpolation enables an accurate determination of the crop growing season and it allows constraining some model parameters such as the emergence date. ...
This Ph.D. thesis is part of the MAISEO project associating partners among them: the CACG, managing the water supply of several watersheds located in the south west of France, the Meteo-France center and the CESBIO. One of the goals is to develop innovative and operational tools to estimate crops' water needs at the territory scale. The aim is to provide managers tools to better manage the water supplies linked to the predominant crop encountered in south west of France: maize. The objective of the thesis was to estimate the yield and water requirements of maize crop over large areas. For this purpose, we used an agro-meteorological model coupled to optical satellite imagery. Numerous high spatial and temporal resolution images from different sensors have been used, prefiguring the arrival of the Sentinel-2 data launched in 2015. The first part was to combine remote sensing data with the SAFY (Simple Algorithm For Yield estimates) crop model (Duchemin et al., 2008a) that simulates plant development based on Monteith theory (Monteith, 1972) in order to accurately estimate maize biomass and yield. Numerous field data have been used for the validation at local scale. At regional scale, the results have been aggregated and compared to Agreste yield statistics provided by the French government. Results led us to propose a new formulation of the SAFY model taking into account the temporal variation of the effective light use efficiency (ELUE) and of the specific leaf area (SLA). This modification allows a better simulation of the crop growth dynamics and an improvement of yield estimates at the local and regional scale. Furthermore, we changed the calibration method in order to limit the use of in situ data that are difficult to access over large areas. We also highlighted the contribution of the double logistic function, used to interpolate the NDVI time series. This interpolation enables an accurate determination of the crop growing season and it allows constraining some model parameters such as the emergence date. ...
This Ph.D. thesis is part of the MAISEO project associating partners among them: the CACG, managing the water supply of several watersheds located in the south west of France, the Meteo-France center and the CESBIO. One of the goals is to develop innovative and operational tools to estimate crops' water needs at the territory scale. The aim is to provide managers tools to better manage the water supplies linked to the predominant crop encountered in south west of France: maize. The objective of the thesis was to estimate the yield and water requirements of maize crop over large areas. For this purpose, we used an agro-meteorological model coupled to optical satellite imagery. Numerous high spatial and temporal resolution images from different sensors have been used, prefiguring the arrival of the Sentinel-2 data launched in 2015. The first part was to combine remote sensing data with the SAFY (Simple Algorithm For Yield estimates) crop model (Duchemin et al., 2008a) that simulates plant development based on Monteith theory (Monteith, 1972) in order to accurately estimate maize biomass and yield. Numerous field data have been used for the validation at local scale. At regional scale, the results have been aggregated and compared to Agreste yield statistics provided by the French government. Results led us to propose a new formulation of the SAFY model taking into account the temporal variation of the effective light use efficiency (ELUE) and of the specific leaf area (SLA). This modification allows a better simulation of the crop growth dynamics and an improvement of yield estimates at the local and regional scale. Furthermore, we changed the calibration method in order to limit the use of in situ data that are difficult to access over large areas. We also highlighted the contribution of the double logistic function, used to interpolate the NDVI time series. This interpolation enables an accurate determination of the crop growing season and it allows constraining some model parameters such as the emergence date. ...
This Ph.D. thesis is part of the MAISEO project associating partners among them: the CACG, managing the water supply of several watersheds located in the south west of France, the Meteo-France center and the CESBIO. One of the goals is to develop innovative and operational tools to estimate crops' water needs at the territory scale. The aim is to provide managers tools to better manage the water supplies linked to the predominant crop encountered in south west of France: maize. The objective of the thesis was to estimate the yield and water requirements of maize crop over large areas. For this purpose, we used an agro-meteorological model coupled to optical satellite imagery. Numerous high spatial and temporal resolution images from different sensors have been used, prefiguring the arrival of the Sentinel-2 data launched in 2015. The first part was to combine remote sensing data with the SAFY (Simple Algorithm For Yield estimates) crop model (Duchemin et al., 2008a) that simulates plant development based on Monteith theory (Monteith, 1972) in order to accurately estimate maize biomass and yield. Numerous field data have been used for the validation at local scale. At regional scale, the results have been aggregated and compared to Agreste yield statistics provided by the French government. Results led us to propose a new formulation of the SAFY model taking into account the temporal variation of the effective light use efficiency (ELUE) and of the specific leaf area (SLA). This modification allows a better simulation of the crop growth dynamics and an improvement of yield estimates at the local and regional scale. Furthermore, we changed the calibration method in order to limit the use of in situ data that are difficult to access over large areas. We also highlighted the contribution of the double logistic function, used to interpolate the NDVI time series. This interpolation enables an accurate determination of the crop growing season and it allows constraining some model parameters such as the emergence date. ...
The municipality of Miramas owns a 20-hectare agricultural estate, the St Désiré farm, and the departure of the last tenants is an opportunity to start a sustainable agricultural strategy. Indeed, the disappearance of agricultural land and farmers, and therefore of the local food supply, are important issues in the Bouches du Rhône department, as highlighted by the diagnosis of the Territorial Food Project of the Aix Marseille Provence Metropolis and Pays d'Arles. The farm incubator tool has been identified to support the installation of project leaders. The present mission aims to identify the assets and constraints of the site, and the actors present on the territory, to prefigure the possible functioning of such a device in Miramas. Thanks to an agronomic study of the soils (soil analysis, infiltration tests, earthworms sampling), the possibility of converting low-productivity meadows into market garden crops has been validated. This can work if the access to irrigation water is improved, which is the first limiting factor. A water reservoir gathering gravity irrigation excesses has been proposed, and a water balance conforted the validity of this hypothesis. Moreover, this farm and its built heritage could allow to experiment mutualization between several agricultural projects. Space repartition scenarios were designed based on organic, direct selling, micro farming references, and presented to the representatives to visualize the potential future of the farm. Applicants' choice will influence social and environmental results of this political action. ; La municipalité de Miramas est propriétaire d'un domaine agricole de 20 hectares, la ferme St Désiré, et le départ des derniers locataires est l'opportunité de démarrer une stratégie agricole durable. Les problématiques de disparition des terres agricoles et des agriculteurs, et donc de l'approvisionnement alimentaire de proximité sont très présentes sur le département des Bouches du Rhône, comme l'a mis en évidence le diagnostic du Projet Alimentaire Territorial de la Métropole Aix Marseille Provence et Pays d'Arles. L'outil de l'Espace Test Agricole a été identifié pour accompagner l'installation de porteurs de projet. La présente mission vise à identifier les atouts et les contraintes du site, et les acteurs présents sur le territoire, pour préfigurer le fonctionnement possible d'un tel dispositif à Miramas. Grâce à une étude agronomique des sols (analyses de sol, tests d'infiltration, échantillonnage des vers de terres), la possibilité de convertir des prairies peu productives en cultures maraîchères a été validée. Cela se fera à la condition d'améliorer l'accès à l'eau d'irrigation qui s'avère le premier facteur limitant. Une réserve d'eau recueillant l'excès d'eau gravitaire a été proposée, et un bilan hydrique conforte la viabilité de cette hypothèse. Plus largement, cette ferme et son patrimoine bâti peuvent permettre d'expérimenter la mutualisation d'un lieu entre plusieurs projets agricoles. Des scénarios de répartition des espaces, basés sur des références de micro agriculture biologique en circuits courts, ont été proposés aux élus pour visualiser le devenir possible de la ferme. Le choix des candidatures retenues influencera les retombées sociales et environnementales de cette action politique.
Small reservoirs and other water and soil conservation techniques have become increasingly widespread across semi-arid regions, due to their ability to reduce transportation of eroded soil and harvest scarce and unreliable rainfall for local users. Revealing diverse but often limited levels of agricultural water use, the reasons behind these were explored based on assessments of water availability, practices and associated drivers upscaled across 50 small reservoirs in the Upper Merguellil catchment (Central Tunisia). MNDWI on 546 treated Landsat images over 1999-2014 were used in combination with extensive field data to develop and validate water availability assessments for all reservoirs. An Ensemble Kalman Filter approach was used to combine remotely sensed surface area with a GR4J-water balance model and notably reduce runoff uncertainties arising from highly variable and localised rainfall intensities. These notably reduced mean annual availability RMSE to the order of 10 000 m3 on lakes where initial capacities vary between 20 000 m3 and over 1 000 000 m3, and identified the potential of each lake to support agriculture during the dry season.In parallel, rapid surveys, quantitative questionnaires and semi directed interviews were used to identify water uses and socio economic and institutional drivers influencing the smallholder livelihoods around these reservoirs. Using multi-stage samples of farmers allowed to progressively narrow and refine the analysis which were then upscaled based on typologies of lakes. Results confirmed withdrawals remained limited and focussed essentially on the occasional watering of fruit trees. On a handful of lakes, water resources were a limiting factor but rarely a sufficient factor to explain the heterogeneous water uses observed around reservoirs. Most farmers were not equipped with the suitable capabilities to increase their withdrawals as a result of problems over pumps, water access and conflicts, compounded through limited and short term government assistance. ...
Small reservoirs and other water and soil conservation techniques have become increasingly widespread across semi-arid regions, due to their ability to reduce transportation of eroded soil and harvest scarce and unreliable rainfall for local users. Revealing diverse but often limited levels of agricultural water use, the reasons behind these were explored based on assessments of water availability, practices and associated drivers upscaled across 50 small reservoirs in the Upper Merguellil catchment (Central Tunisia). MNDWI on 546 treated Landsat images over 1999-2014 were used in combination with extensive field data to develop and validate water availability assessments for all reservoirs. An Ensemble Kalman Filter approach was used to combine remotely sensed surface area with a GR4J-water balance model and notably reduce runoff uncertainties arising from highly variable and localised rainfall intensities. These notably reduced mean annual availability RMSE to the order of 10 000 m3 on lakes where initial capacities vary between 20 000 m3 and over 1 000 000 m3, and identified the potential of each lake to support agriculture during the dry season.In parallel, rapid surveys, quantitative questionnaires and semi directed interviews were used to identify water uses and socio economic and institutional drivers influencing the smallholder livelihoods around these reservoirs. Using multi-stage samples of farmers allowed to progressively narrow and refine the analysis which were then upscaled based on typologies of lakes. Results confirmed withdrawals remained limited and focussed essentially on the occasional watering of fruit trees. On a handful of lakes, water resources were a limiting factor but rarely a sufficient factor to explain the heterogeneous water uses observed around reservoirs. Most farmers were not equipped with the suitable capabilities to increase their withdrawals as a result of problems over pumps, water access and conflicts, compounded through limited and short term government assistance. ...
Small reservoirs and other water and soil conservation techniques have become increasingly widespread across semi-arid regions, due to their ability to reduce transportation of eroded soil and harvest scarce and unreliable rainfall for local users. Revealing diverse but often limited levels of agricultural water use, the reasons behind these were explored based on assessments of water availability, practices and associated drivers upscaled across 50 small reservoirs in the Upper Merguellil catchment (Central Tunisia). MNDWI on 546 treated Landsat images over 1999-2014 were used in combination with extensive field data to develop and validate water availability assessments for all reservoirs. An Ensemble Kalman Filter approach was used to combine remotely sensed surface area with a GR4J-water balance model and notably reduce runoff uncertainties arising from highly variable and localised rainfall intensities. These notably reduced mean annual availability RMSE to the order of 10 000 m3 on lakes where initial capacities vary between 20 000 m3 and over 1 000 000 m3, and identified the potential of each lake to support agriculture during the dry season.In parallel, rapid surveys, quantitative questionnaires and semi directed interviews were used to identify water uses and socio economic and institutional drivers influencing the smallholder livelihoods around these reservoirs. Using multi-stage samples of farmers allowed to progressively narrow and refine the analysis which were then upscaled based on typologies of lakes. Results confirmed withdrawals remained limited and focussed essentially on the occasional watering of fruit trees. On a handful of lakes, water resources were a limiting factor but rarely a sufficient factor to explain the heterogeneous water uses observed around reservoirs. Most farmers were not equipped with the suitable capabilities to increase their withdrawals as a result of problems over pumps, water access and conflicts, compounded through limited and short term government assistance. ...
Small reservoirs and other water and soil conservation techniques have become increasingly widespread across semi-arid regions, due to their ability to reduce transportation of eroded soil and harvest scarce and unreliable rainfall for local users. Revealing diverse but often limited levels of agricultural water use, the reasons behind these were explored based on assessments of water availability, practices and associated drivers upscaled across 50 small reservoirs in the Upper Merguellil catchment (Central Tunisia). MNDWI on 546 treated Landsat images over 1999-2014 were used in combination with extensive field data to develop and validate water availability assessments for all reservoirs. An Ensemble Kalman Filter approach was used to combine remotely sensed surface area with a GR4J-water balance model and notably reduce runoff uncertainties arising from highly variable and localised rainfall intensities. These notably reduced mean annual availability RMSE to the order of 10 000 m3 on lakes where initial capacities vary between 20 000 m3 and over 1 000 000 m3, and identified the potential of each lake to support agriculture during the dry season.In parallel, rapid surveys, quantitative questionnaires and semi directed interviews were used to identify water uses and socio economic and institutional drivers influencing the smallholder livelihoods around these reservoirs. Using multi-stage samples of farmers allowed to progressively narrow and refine the analysis which were then upscaled based on typologies of lakes. Results confirmed withdrawals remained limited and focussed essentially on the occasional watering of fruit trees. On a handful of lakes, water resources were a limiting factor but rarely a sufficient factor to explain the heterogeneous water uses observed around reservoirs. Most farmers were not equipped with the suitable capabilities to increase their withdrawals as a result of problems over pumps, water access and conflicts, compounded through limited and short term government assistance. ...
This Ph.D. thesis is part of the MAISEO project associating partners among them: the CACG, managing the water supply of several watersheds located in the south west of France, the Meteo-France center and the CESBIO. One of the goals is to develop innovative and operational tools to estimate crops' water needs at the territory scale. The aim is to provide managers tools to better manage the water supplies linked to the predominant crop encountered in south west of France: maize. The objective of the thesis was to estimate the yield and water requirements of maize crop over large areas. For this purpose, we used an agro-meteorological model coupled to optical satellite imagery. Numerous high spatial and temporal resolution images from different sensors have been used, prefiguring the arrival of the Sentinel-2 data launched in 2015. The first part was to combine remote sensing data with the SAFY (Simple Algorithm For Yield estimates) crop model (Duchemin et al., 2008a) that simulates plant development based on Monteith theory (Monteith, 1972) in order to accurately estimate maize biomass and yield. Numerous field data have been used for the validation at local scale. At regional scale, the results have been aggregated and compared to Agreste yield statistics provided by the French government. Results led us to propose a new formulation of the SAFY model taking into account the temporal variation of the effective light use efficiency (ELUE) and of the specific leaf area (SLA). This modification allows a better simulation of the crop growth dynamics and an improvement of yield estimates at the local and regional scale. Furthermore, we changed the calibration method in order to limit the use of in situ data that are difficult to access over large areas. We also highlighted the contribution of the double logistic function, used to interpolate the NDVI time series. This interpolation enables an accurate determination of the crop growing season and it allows constraining some model parameters such as the emergence date. ...
Cette étude complète les données acquises sur le bilan de l'eau par l'expérimentation en cases lysimétriques. Les variations des humidités et des tensions capillaires ont été périodiquement suivies dans deux sols sous friche, jusqu'à deux mètres de profondeur, au cours d'une année entière. Pour chaque profil hydrique ont été calculés : le stock d'eau du sol à différentes profondeurs, la quantité d'eau utilisable par les plantes, le déficit de rétention. La variation de ces valeurs au cours du temps a permis de calculer l'évapotranspiration réelle et d'évaluer, dans un cas particulier, le volume du drainage. L'évapotranspiration potentielle a pu être évaluée en saison des pluies et en saison sèche. Pour tenter d'expliquer le débit pendant la saison sèche, diverses hypothèses ont été examinées ; certaines se sont révélées nettement insuffisantes pour rendre compte des phénomènes observés : c'est le cas, en particulier, de la loi de diffusion capillaire, telle qu'elle a été exprimée par HALLAIRE. La connaissance de ces données a permis d'aborder différents problèmes tels que celui de la conservation de l'humidité dans le sol et celui de l'irrigation. Mais, sur le plan des applications pratiques, les conséquences les plus importantes de cette étude pourraient concerner le dom aine de la fertilisation. La confrontation des mesures expérimentales avec /es données théoriques de la formule de TURC pour le calcul de l'évapotranspiration a montré en effet la très bonne concordance entre ces deux séries de résultats. L'intérêt de cette formule ayant déjà été reconnu à l'occasion d'études en cases lysimétriques (6 ), son utilisation pourra donc, sous réserve de confirmation ultérieure, être généralisée a1t Sénégal ; elle permettra d'extrapoler, pour des sols et des régimes pluviométriques différents, les résultats expérimentaux acquis à Bambey sur l'évapotranspiration, le mouvement des solutions dans le sol et le drainage. Ceci nous paraît devoir avoir des répercussions importantes pour la fertilisation. Celle-ci, pour être rationnelle, devrait être fondée, en effet, non seulement sur la connaissance du sol et des exigences de la plante mais aussi sur le bilan minéral. de chaque culture ou de chaque rotation. Ce bila" comporte, d'une part, les exportations de la culture, d'autre part, les pertes par drainage. Or si le premier élément peut être assez facilement connu, le second a échappé jusqu'à présent à toute appréciation sérieuse. C'est celle lacune qu'il sera maintenant possible de combler grâce à l'application judicieuse de la formule de Turc. Il sera toutefois nécessaire d'estimer également la composition chimique moyenne des eaux de drainage pour chiffrer les pertes d'éléments fertilisants par hectare. Si l'on connaît la vitesse d'épuisement des réserves du sol et l'équilibre minéral de chaque culture ou de chaque rotation, il sera possible d'envisager une politique dynamique et non statique de la fertilisation. Avec la faculté de suivre, pendant une saison humide, la " descente " dans le profil des éléments facilement lessivés - comme l'azote, la potasse, la chaux - il sera facile de déterminer les meilleures dates pour l'application de l'engrais : ainsi les plantes auront toujours une quantité suffisante d'éléments nutritifs à une profondeur accessible à leurs racines. Ceci nous semble être la principale orientation des recherches consécutives à la présente étude.
L'archipel du Cap Vert constitué de 10 îles volcaniques appartient à la zone sahélienne qui s'étend de l'atlantique jusqu'à la mer rouge. Depuis, plusieurs décennies le Cap Vert est affecté par la désertification causée en grande partie par la récession climatique et l'érosion des sols. Ces facteurs, associés à la forte pression anthropique sur les ressources, à l'orographie accidentée et à des pluies tropicales parfois diluviennes, provoquent de sérieuses pertes du patrimoine foncier. Cependant, depuis son Indépendance en 1975, le Gouvernement a mené un vaste programme d'arborisation, de restauration des terres et d'aménagement des cours d'eau. Pourtant, très peu de recherches ont été menées pour évaluer les actions de protection et de conservation des sols et des eaux. Par conséquent, il n'existe quasiment pas de données sur la problématique de la dégradation des terres ni de bilans. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons étudié les différents facteurs qui contrôlent l'érosion hydrique des sols. Nous avons plus particulièrement cherché à différencier les effets des activités humaines, notamment agricoles, de ceux des facteurs climatiques comme les précipitations et la génération des écoulements. Nous avons également établi les premiers bilans d'exportations de matières en suspension et en solution dans le contexte de l'archipel du Cap Vert. L'étude a été menée à l'échelle de trois bassins versants de l'ile de Santiago Cap-Vert. Ces trois bassins versant (Longueira, Grande et Godim) sont localisés dans la partie centrale de l'île de Santiago et représentatifs des divers modes d'occupation du sol et des différents climats de l'île. Il existe un gradient climatique entre les trois bassins versants. En effet, Longueira qui présente une superficie de 4,18 km2, une pente moyenne de 47 %, se localise dans une zone humide couverte à 69 % par une forêt et une surface agricole de 17 %. Grande avec une superficie de 1,87 km2, se localise en zone sub humide pour une pente moyenne de 50 %, il est essentiellement agricole. Godim, avec une superficie de 2,0 km2, se localise en zone semi aride, il est particulièrement agricole et sa pente moyenne est de 32 %. Pour ces trois bassins versants, les écoulements de crue à l'exutoire ont été mesurés et échantillonnés de 2004 à 2009. Le bassin versant de Longueira a fait l'objet d'un suivi plus poussé, notamment en termes de fréquence d'échantillonnage et de suivi des écoulements hors crue. Sur chaque échantillon nous avons procédé à la détermination de la concentration des matières en suspension ainsi qu'à l'analyse des éléments majeurs. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'érosion mécanique dans les 3 bassins versants est caractérisée par une forte variabilité spatiale et temporelle. Sur la période 2005-2009, le bilan moyen annuel pour les bassins versants de Longueira, Grande et Godim est de : 4266, 157 et 10,1 t.km2.an-1 respectivement. La saison humide 2006 a été la plus érosive pour l'ensemble des trois bassins versants et particulièrement dans Longueira avec 2 crues exceptionnelles qui ont généré une concentration moyenne de matières en suspension supérieure à 100 g/l. En revanche, les saisons 2005 et 2008 ont été dans l'ensemble peu érosives car les concentrations moyennes ne dépassèrent pas 20 g/l. Par ailleurs, il n'y a pas eu de lames d'eau écoulées pour les saisons 2005 et 2007 pour le bassin de Godim. Sur le bassin de Longueira, l'étude des phénomènes d'hystérésis permet de caractériser chaque crue et de montrer que l'évolution temporelle des exportations de matières en suspension au cours de la saison est fortement influencée par les activités agricoles. En effet, la première crue provoque l'exportation massive des sédiments disponibles et localisés dans le lit du cours d'eau. En conséquence, la seconde est moins exportatrice de sédiments. Un mois après les premières pluies, les activités de sarclage diminuent la densité du couvert végétal et destructurent la partie superficielle des sols, ce qui provoque à nouveau une très forte exportation de sédiments lors de la troisième crue. Les résultats de l'érosion chimique sur le bassin de Longueira indiquent que le taux d'érosion chimique moyen s'élève à 45 t.km2.an-1 avec une forte variabilité temporelle. En effet, les saisons les plus humides de 2006 et 2007 sont les plus exportatrices de matières en solution, alors que 2005 a eu une faible exportation. L'utilisation du modèle de mélanges EMMA (End-Members Mixing Analysis) montre que les écoulements hypodermique et profond, qui alimentent le cours d'eau en éléments dissous, sont les principaux facteurs de l'érosion chimique. On montre ainsi que les écoulements hors crue sont à l'origine de plus de 90% des flux d'érosion chimique. L'écoulement superficiel, qui contribue à environ 70 % du débit du cours d'eau en crue, constitue un facteur de premier plan de l'érosion mécanique des sols. ; The archipelago of Cape Verde comprises 10 volcanic islands and belongs to the Sahelian zone stretching from the Atlantic to the Red Sea. Since several decades, Cape Verde is affected by desertification caused largely by climatic recession and soil erosion. These factors, coupled with high population pressure on resources, rugged topography and torrential tropical rains, cause serious losses of lands. However, since its independence in 1975, the Government conducted an extensive program of afforestation, soil and water conservation. Nevertheless very little research has been conducted to evaluate the actions of protection and conservation of soil and water. Therefore, there is no data on the problem of land degradation or budget. As part of this work, we studied the various factors that control soil erosion by water. Specifically, we sought to differentiate the effects of human activities including agriculture, those climatic factors such as rainfall and runoff generation. We also established the first mass budget of suspended and dissolved load in the context of the archipelago of Cape Verde. The study was conducted across three watersheds of the Santiago Island, Cape Verde. These three watersheds (Longueira, Grande and Godim) are located in the central part of the island and are representative of various types of land use and of the different climates of the island. There is a climatic gradient between the three watersheds. Indeed, Longueira which covers an area of 4.18 km2, an average slope of 47 % is localized in a humid zone and covered to 69 % by forest and the agricultural area is 17 %. Grande with an area of 1.87 km2, is localized in sub humid zone for an average slope of 50 %, it is mainly agricultural. Godim, with an area of 2.0 km2, is localized in semi arid, it is particularly agriculture and its average slope is 32 %. For these three watersheds, flood flows at the outlet were measured and sampled from 2004 to 2009. Watershed Longueira has been further monitoring, particularly in terms of sampling and monitoring of flood flows out. On each sample we determined the concentration of suspended sediment and we analyzed dissolved major elements. The results show that mechanical erosion in the three watersheds is characterized by high spatial and temporal variability. Over the period 2005-2009, the average annual budget for Longueira, Grande and Godim watersheds is: 4266, 157 and 10.1 t.km2.an-1 respectively. The wet season 2006 was the most erosive for all three watersheds, particularly in Longueira with 2 exceptional floods that have generated an average concentration of suspended sediment exceeding 100 g/l. In contrast, the seasons 2005 and 2008 have been generally low erosive because mean concentrations did not exceed 20 g/l. Moreover, there was no runoff for the seasons 2005 and 2007 for the watershed of Godim. In Longueira watershed, the study of hysteresis phenomena can characterize each flood and show that the temporal evolution of suspended sediment yield during the season is strongly influenced by agricultural activities. Indeed, the first flood caused the massive export of sediment available and located in the bed of the watercourse. Accordingly, the second exported less sediment. One month after the first rains, weeding activities decreased the density of vegetation cover and deconstruct the superficial soil, which again caused a very strong export of sediments during the third run off. The results of the chemical erosion in the watershed of Longueira indicate that the budget of chemical erosion rate is 45 t.km-2.an-1 with a strong temporal variability. Indeed, the wettest seasons of 2006 and 2007 are the most export of dissolved load, whereas 2005 had a low export. The use of model mixtures EMMA (End- Members Mixing Analysis) shows that the interflow and deep, feeding the streams in dissolved elements are the main factors of chemical erosion. It is shown that the flows out are believed to cause more 90% of chemical erosion fluxes. The surface flow, which contributes about 70% of the flow of rivers in flood, is a factor most important factor of mechanical soil erosion.
The archipelago of Cape Verde comprises 10 volcanic islands and belongs to the Sahelian zone stretching from the Atlantic to the Red Sea. Since several decades, Cape Verde is affected by desertification caused largely by climatic recession and soil erosion. These factors, coupled with high population pressure on resources, rugged topography and torrential tropical rains, cause serious losses of lands. However, since its independence in 1975, the Government conducted an extensive program of afforestation, soil and water conservation. Nevertheless very little research has been conducted to evaluate the actions of protection and conservation of soil and water. Therefore, there is no data on the problem of land degradation or budget. As part of this work, we studied the various factors that control soil erosion by water. Specifically, we sought to differentiate the effects of human activities including agriculture, those climatic factors such as rainfall and runoff generation. We also established the first mass budget of suspended and dissolved load in the context of the archipelago of Cape Verde. The study was conducted across three watersheds of the Santiago Island, Cape Verde. These three watersheds (Longueira, Grande and Godim) are located in the central part of the island and are representative of various types of land use and of the different climates of the island. There is a climatic gradient between the three watersheds. Indeed, Longueira which covers an area of 4.18 km2, an average slope of 47 % is localized in a humid zone and covered to 69 % by forest and the agricultural area is 17 %. Grande with an area of 1.87 km2, is localized in sub humid zone for an average slope of 50 %, it is mainly agricultural. Godim, with an area of 2.0 km2, is localized in semi arid, it is particularly agriculture and its average slope is 32 %. For these three watersheds, flood flows at the outlet were measured and sampled from 2004 to 2009. Watershed Longueira has been further monitoring, particularly in terms of sampling and monitoring of flood flows out. On each sample we determined the concentration of suspended sediment and we analyzed dissolved major elements. The results show that mechanical erosion in the three watersheds is characterized by high spatial and temporal variability. Over the period 2005-2009, the average annual budget for Longueira, Grande and Godim watersheds is: 4266, 157 and 10.1 t.km2.an-1 respectively. The wet season 2006 was the most erosive for all three watersheds, particularly in Longueira with 2 exceptional floods that have generated an average concentration of suspended sediment exceeding 100 g/l. In contrast, the seasons 2005 and 2008 have been generally low erosive because mean concentrations did not exceed 20 g/l. Moreover, there was no runoff for the seasons 2005 and 2007 for the watershed of Godim. In Longueira watershed, the study of hysteresis phenomena can characterize each flood and show that the temporal evolution of suspended sediment yield during the season is strongly influenced by agricultural activities. Indeed, the first flood caused the massive export of sediment available and located in the bed of the watercourse. Accordingly, the second exported less sediment. One month after the first rains, weeding activities decreased the density of vegetation cover and deconstruct the superficial soil, which again caused a very strong export of sediments during the third run off. The results of the chemical erosion in the watershed of Longueira indicate that the budget of chemical erosion rate is 45 t.km-2.an-1 with a strong temporal variability. Indeed, the wettest seasons of 2006 and 2007 are the most export of dissolved load, whereas 2005 had a low export. The use of model mixtures EMMA (End-Members Mixing Analysis) shows that the interflow and deep, feeding the streams in dissolved elements are the main factors of chemical erosion. etc ; L'archipel du Cap Vert constitue de 10 iles volcaniques appartient a la zone sahelienne qui s'etend de l'atlantique jusqu'a la mer rouge. Depuis, plusieurs decennies le Cap Vert est affecte par la desertification causee en grande partie par la recession climatique et l'erosion des sols. Ces facteurs, associes a la forte pression anthropique sur les ressources, a l'orographie accidentee et a des pluies tropicales parfois diluviennes, provoquent de serieuses pertes du patrimoine foncier. Cependant, depuis son Independance en 1975, le Gouvernement a mene un vaste programme d'arborisation, de restauration des terres et d'amenagement des cours d'eau. Pourtant, tres peu de recherches ont ete menees pour evaluer les actions de protection et de conservation des sols et des eaux. Par consequent, il n'existe quasiment pas de donnees sur la problematique de la degradation des terres ni de bilans. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons etudie les differents facteurs qui controlent l'erosion hydrique des sols. Nous avons plus particulierement cherche a differencier les effets des activites humaines, notamment agricoles, de ceux des facteurs climatiques comme les precipitations et la generation des ecoulements. Nous avons egalement etabli les premiers bilans d'exportations de matieres en suspension et en solution dans le contexte de l'archipel du Cap Vert. L'etude a ete menee a l'echelle de trois bassins versants de l'ile de Santiago Cap-Vert. Ces trois bassins versant (Longueira, Grande et Godim) sont localises dans la partie centrale de l'ile de Santiago et representatifs des divers modes d'occupation du sol et des differents climats de l'ile. Il existe un gradient climatique entre les trois bassins versants. En effet, Longueira qui presente une superficie de 4,18 km2, une pente moyenne de 47 %, se localise dans une zone humide couverte a 69 % par une foret et une surface agricole de 17 %. Grande avec une superficie de 1,87 km2, se localise en zone sub humide pour une pente moyenne de 50 %, il est essentiellement agricole. Godim, avec une superficie de 2,0 km2, se localise en zone semi aride, il est particulierement agricole et sa pente moyenne est de 32 %. Pour ces trois bassins versants, les ecoulements de crue a l'exutoire ont ete mesures et echantillonnes de 2004 a 2009. Le bassin versant de Longueira a fait l'objet d'un suivi plus pousse, notamment en termes de frequence d'echantillonnage et de suivi des ecoulements hors crue. Sur chaque echantillon nous avons procede a la determination de la concentration des matieres en suspension ainsi qu'a l'analyse des elements majeurs. Les resultats obtenus montrent que l'erosion mecanique dans les 3 bassins versants est caracterisee par une forte variabilite spatiale et temporelle. Sur la periode 2005-2009, le bilan moyen annuel pour les bassins versants de Longueira, Grande et Godim est de : 4266, 157 et 10,1 t.km2.an-1 respectivement. La saison humide 2006 a ete la plus erosive pour l'ensemble des trois bassins versants et particulierement dans Longueira avec 2 crues exceptionnelles qui ont genere une concentration moyenne de matieres en suspension superieure a 100 g/l. En revanche, les saisons 2005 et 2008 ont ete dans l'ensemble peu erosives car les concentrations moyennes ne depasserent pas 20 g/l. Par ailleurs, il n'y a pas eu de lames d'eau ecoulees pour les saisons 2005 et 2007 pour le bassin de Godim. Sur le bassin de Longueira, l'etude des phenomenes d'hysteresis permet de caracteriser chaque crue et de montrer que l'evolution temporelle des exportations de matieres en suspension au cours de la saison est fortement influencee par les activites agricoles. En effet, la premiere crue provoque l'exportation massive des sediments disponibles et localises dans le lit du cours d'eau. En consequence, la seconde est moins exportatrice de sediments. etc
