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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop propositions explaining the influence of individual goals and social preferences on human decision making in transport planning. The aim is to understand which individual goals and social preferences planners pursue and how these influence planners' decisions.Design/methodology/approachPropositions are developed based on investigation of decision making of transport planners in a Dutch logistics service provider using multiple data collection methods.FindingsThe study shows how decision making of transport planners is motivated by individual goals as well as social preferences for reciprocity and group identity.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research including transaction data analysis is needed to triangulate findings and to strengthen conclusions. Propositions are developed to be tested in future research.Practical implicationsResults suggest that efforts to guide planners in their decision making should go beyond traditional (monetary) incentives and consider their individual goals and social preferences. Moreover, this study provides insight into why transport planners deviate from desired behaviour.Originality/valueWhile individual decision making plays an essential role in operational planning, the factors influencing how individuals make operational planning decisions are not fully understood.

Neoclassical economics relies on the assumption that decision makers make rational, coherent and efficient choices, and this has also been the basis for transport planning and policy making in the recent decades. Lately, however, it is becoming more and more evident that individuals, and thus also the participants of transport processes, do not always act rationally. Moreover, the logic behind this irrationality seems to be consistent and the relevant behavioural patterns predicting the given activities may well be revealed. The theoretical background of this research field is called behavioural economics and is gaining an increasing impetus on governmental and policy levels, especially in the USA and the UK. Thus, it is reasonable to utilize it in the fields of studying and influencing transport and mobility in daily and work life, and to apply its merits as a means to reduce the adverse effects of climate change induced by transport operations.

1. The definitions : sustainability -- 2. The definitions : transport -- 3. The definitions : planning -- 4. The trends : travel and haulage -- 5. Fuel consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) -- 6. Location and land use -- 7. The problems : congestion -- 8. The problems : interchanging and trans-shipment -- 9. The problems : the space budget -- 10. Transport costs -- 11. Sensing success and failure -- 12. Managing the environmental impacts -- 13. Mobility and accessibility -- 14. Controlling costs -- 15. Supporting the economy -- 16. Road vehicle design -- 17. Public transport -- 18. Tolls, taxes and tariffs : fares, fines and fees -- 19. Transport demand prediction -- 20. The need for a new methodology to estimate travel demand -- 21. Planning sustainable transport : the agenda.

Personalised Travel Planning, a form of mobility management planning targeted at the trip-origin (in other words at residential areas), has proved to be a reliable and cost-effective means of reducing car usage in favour of other more sustainable travel forms. These direct-marketing schemes, which target communities with individually tailored travel information materials, succeed in reducing car usage with no investment in hard infrastructure. The concept, when subjected to rigorous academic and other independent scrutiny, has reportedly achieved consistent mode transfers away from car-usage of five to fifteen per cent. This has often taken place in lowdensity areas of high car ownership rates and results have been maintained over time. In Australia, every major city has commissioned personalised travel planning programmes. In the UK, the government has, on foot of successful pilot studies, recommended the implementation of such schemes across all local authorities. Recently, three "Smarter Travel Town" initiatives in the UK – where suites of "soft" transport planning measures were piloted – suggested that personalised travel planning can be a core and successful component of any such program. This study seeks to assess the applicability of such concepts within the Greater Dublin Area. Initial evidence suggests the methodology is applicable with potentially high benefit : cost ratios. A pilot survey, undertaken as part of earlier research, revealed that within five selected newly developed areas individuals' response to the concept is comparable, if not more favourable to that revealed in other travel markets. A benchmarking study carried out in Drimnagh during March 2010 – as part of the Dublin City Council Smarter Travel Town bid – demonstrated high levels of community receptivity to such a scheme. The context and revealed market response indicates that such schemes are likely to achieve a successful outcome within Dublin. Indeed, one recent pilot, at Adamstown, yielded very positive results after a thorough programme was piloted to more than 200 households. Assessment of the initiative in other markets suggests certain cautions. A groundbreaking UK study, "Smarter Choices", which thoroughly assesses all "soft", or behavioural transport planning initiatives in the UK, warns that such initiatives should only be implemented alongside complementary demand-management measures. Otherwise, gains in reduced congestion will only be lost to alternate users not targeted by the scheme. Nevertheless, the evidence suggests that Personalised Travel Planning, when combined with demand management and introduced to areas where available public transport capacity exists, has the potential to make significant impacts on car usage within the Greater Dublin Area.

This book is based on the behavioural intention of public transport passengers and the relationship between those factors in Indonesia. The conceptual model in this book explains behavioural intentions of paratransit passengers which can result in recommendations to unravel the complexity of the congestion problem from consumer behaviour perspective. Based on the results of survey research on behavioural intention of public transport users in Jabodetabek, Indonesia, the result of the study is presented in a model that describes the factors that influence. This book is recommended for academics who wish to gain knowledge about the phenomenon of consumer behaviour, for regulators whose duty is to make a decision and determine the strategic steps to overcome congestion, and researchers who want to develop their knowledge and provide solutions related to congestion from the perspective of consumer behaviour.

This book is based on the behavioural intention of public transport passengers and the relationship between those factors in Indonesia. The conceptual model in this book explains behavioural intentions of paratransit passengers which can result in recommendations to unravel the complexity of the congestion problem from consumer behaviour perspective. Based on the results of survey research on behavioural intention of public transport users in Jabodetabek, Indonesia, the result of the study is presented in a model that describes the factors that influence. This book is recommended for academics who wish to gain knowledge about the phenomenon of consumer behaviour, for regulators whose duty is to make a decision and determine the strategic steps to overcome congestion and researchers who want to develop their knowledge and provide solutions related to congestion from the perspective of consumer behaviour.

Verden har gennem de senere ar oplevet en stigende eftersprgsel efter transport og mobilitet. Med den voksende persontransport og den deraf forstrkede klimapavirkning bliver det kollektive transportsystem et glimrende alternativ til den individuelle transport, idet det kollektive transportsystem kan tilbyde omkostningseektiv, klima- og miljvenlig transport samt at dette er eektivt i kampen mod trngsel. I 2009 vedtog det danske Folketing transportaftalen: "En grn transportaftale", hvori det sttes som mal, at den kollektive transport skal udbygges og eektiviseres saledes, at den forventede vkst i persontrakarbejdet ville kunne lftes af det kollektive transportsystem. I Danmark har det kollektive transportsystem en markedsandel pa 13% af transporten mellem arbejde og hjem og der blev i 2010 gennemfrt mere end 290 millioner togrejser i det danske jernbanenet. Det er endvidere tidligere blevet estimeret, at der hver dag spildes 65.000 timer af passagerer, der venter pa forbindelser i den kollektive transport. For at imdekomme den forventede vkst og for at kunne tilbyde passagererne en attraktiv service til en fornuftig pris skal den kollektive transport vre sa eektiv som mulig. Forskningen har gennem de seneste mange ar demonstreret, at matematiske optimeringsmetoder kan gre det kollektive transportsystem mere eektivt og dermed mere konkurrencedygtigt i forhold til andre transportformer. Planlgning af kollektiv transport bestar af en rkke forskellige optimeringsproblemer pa savel det strategiske, det taktiske og det operationelle planlgningsniveau. Problemstillinger som for eksempel linjeplanlgning, kreplansplanlgning og kretjsplanlgning lses traditionelt uafhngigt og sekventielt. Der ndes i dag adskillige modeller og eektive metoder til lsning af disse problemstillinger. Lses disse problemer uafhngigt og sekventielt vil det saledes ofte resultere i lsninger, der vil opleves som vrende suboptimale for passagererne i forhold til serviceniveau. Lsninger der giver passagererne en bedre service kan opnas ved at integrere srligt relevante planlgningsproblemer. Grundet strrelsen af virkelige planlgningsproblemer, er det dog i midlertidigt, som oftest, ikke muligt at lse det integrerede problem uden srligt udviklede metoder, der endvidere krver meget store beregningsmssige ressourcer. Malet med denne afhandling er at studere integrationen af kreplansplanlgningen med andre planlgningsproblemer sasom linjeplanlgning, rutevalg og planlgning af kretjernes opgaver (omlbsplanlgning). Vi udvikler en rkke avancerede planlgningsvrktjer, der kan nde integrerede lsninger til de komplekse planlgningsproblemer man mder inden for den kollektive trak. Vi undersger anvendelsen af disse integrerede modeller til at lse virkelige casestudier, og vurderer kvaliteten af de fundne integrerede lsninger sammenlignet med lsninger baseret pa ikke-integrerede modeller. Afhandlingen beskftiger sig med to specikke problemstillinger, der ses i den kollektive bustrak og en problemstilling fra den kollektive jernbanetrak. I problemstillingen fra den kollektive bustrak integrerer vi kreplaner med bade kretjsplanlgning og passagerernes rutevalg. Forholdet mellem afgangs- og ankomsttider og passagerernes rutevalg unders ges under hensyntagen til omkostningerne ved at udfre kreplanerne. I problemstillingen inden for jernbanetrakken undersger vi delvis integration af kreplansplanlgning og linjeplanlgning. Konkret studeres, hvordan kreplaner kan forbedres med hensyn til denerede mal for den service, der ydes til passagererne. Disse forbedringer opnas ved at tillade ndringer i frekvenserne for togafgangene og gennem ndringer i standsningsm nsteret for de stationer der er inkluderet i ruten. Vi formulerer problemerne ved hjlp af matematiske modeller, og vi foreslar heuristiske lsningsmetoder til dem alle. Lsningsmetoderne testes i virkelige casestudier for Storkbenhavnsomradet for problemstillingen fra den kollektive bustrak og for en delmngde af intercity-netvrket i Holland for problemstillingen fra den kollektive jernbanetrak. Vi viser, at kreplanerne, der er opnaet med de integrerede modeller, resulterer i at servicen til passagerne ges samtidig med, at driftsomkostningerne kan bibeholdes pa et undret niveau eller holdes inden for et givent budget. ; Recent years have seen a general increase in the demand for transport and mobility. As the transportation numbers rise, and with the increased eorts in reducing emissions on a global scale, public transport becomes an excellent alternative to private transport due to being cost efficient, environmentally friendly, and for its abilities to reduce congestion. In 2009, the Danish Parliament passed the transport policy agreement entitled \A green transport agreement", which states that the public transport system should be expanded and made more ecient so that the expected growth in person transport should be able to be captured by the public transport system. In Denmark, public transport holds a market share of 13% of all commuting, and in 2010 more than 290 million passengers used the railway network. Furthermore, in Copenhagen it was estimated that 65,000 hours are lost every day by passengers waiting for connecting services in public transport. In order to serve increased demand and provide an attractive service for the passengers at an affordable cost, public transport should be both time and cost efficient. Research has through a number of years clearly shown that operations research techniques can help make public transport systems more efficient and thereby increase its competitiveness compared to other transport modes.Public transport planning comprises a range of planning problems at the strategic, the tactical as well as the operational planning levels. Problems like line planning, timetabling, or vehicle scheduling are traditionally solved independently and sequentially. Today, several models and efficient solution methods for solving these exist. However, solving these problems independently will often result in suboptimal solutions for passengers with respect to the service level offered. Solutions with increased passenger service could be obtained by integrating different planning problems. However, due to the size of real world instances, solving the integrated problem is, usually, not possible without dedicated solution methods, which, in turn, requires huge computational efforts. The goal of this thesis is to study the integration of timetabling with other planning problems such as line planning, passenger routing, and vehicle scheduling. We propose a number of advanced planning tools, which are able to find integrated solutions to the complex planning problems seen within public transport. We investigate the application of integrated models to real life case studies and we assess the quality of integrated solutionsin comparison to non-integrated solutions. The thesis studies two problems in the bus transport domain and one problem in the rail transport domain. In the bus transport domain, we integrate timetabling with both vehicle scheduling and passenger routing. The relations between departure and arrival times and how passengers travel in the network are investigated, while taking into account the costs associated with operating the timetables. In the train domain, we investigate partial integration of timetabling and line planning. Specically, how timetables can be improved in terms of passenger service by allowing changes in train frequencies and changes in stops at stations included in the train journey. We formulate the problems using mathematical models, and we propose heuristic solution methods for all of them. The solution methods are tested in real life case studies of the Greater Copenhagen area for the bus transport problems, and of a subset of the intercity network in The Netherlands for the rail transport problem. We show that the timetables obtained with integrated models provide an increased passenger service while being able to keep operating costs at the same level or within a pre-dened budget.