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N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; In Brazil, the question of the requalification of local knowledge is hardly perceptible. It has become a main political stake for rural populations that are facing agribusiness expansion. The example of Guarana, a plant from Amazonia, is emblematic of the competition between different models of production, each of them based on specific history, beliefs, practices and botanical varieties. After numerous decades along which productivist model of production has been dominant, the commercial success of the Guarana based products and the local appropriation of the system of reference linked with sustainable development have favoured the diversification of the forms of management and economic development of the plant in its origin area. While the multinational company AMBEV, leader on the market of Guarana based soda, intends to keep the control on the market of the Guarana, various categories of producers (American Indians; caboclos, local communities, rural workers) are mobilizing for few years to stand up their know-how and the specificity of their production linked with their territory. Among those groups, the Satéré Mawé indians claim that they are depositary of the genetic diversity of the plant and that they still collect native seedlings in the forest to maintain the diversity in their fields. In this paper, we will watch the regional history and we will underline how environmental stakes (such as biodiversity conservation, traditional knowledge protection, green market) result within the territory in new cleavages related with the uses of natural resources.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; In Brazil, the question of the requalification of local knowledge is hardly perceptible. It has become a main political stake for rural populations that are facing agribusiness expansion. The example of Guarana, a plant from Amazonia, is emblematic of the competition between different models of production, each of them based on specific history, beliefs, practices and botanical varieties. After numerous decades along which productivist model of production has been dominant, the commercial success of the Guarana based products and the local appropriation of the system of reference linked with sustainable development have favoured the diversification of the forms of management and economic development of the plant in its origin area. While the multinational company AMBEV, leader on the market of Guarana based soda, intends to keep the control on the market of the Guarana, various categories of producers (American Indians; caboclos, local communities, rural workers) are mobilizing for few years to stand up their know-how and the specificity of their production linked with their territory. Among those groups, the Satéré Mawé indians claim that they are depositary of the genetic diversity of the plant and that they still collect native seedlings in the forest to maintain the diversity in their fields. In this paper, we will watch the regional history and we will underline how environmental stakes (such as biodiversity conservation, traditional knowledge protection, green market) result within the territory in new cleavages related with the uses of natural resources.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; In Brazil, the question of the requalification of local knowledge is hardly perceptible. It has become a main political stake for rural populations that are facing agribusiness expansion. The example of Guarana, a plant from Amazonia, is emblematic of the competition between different models of production, each of them based on specific history, beliefs, practices and botanical varieties. After numerous decades along which productivist model of production has been dominant, the commercial success of the Guarana based products and the local appropriation of the system of reference linked with sustainable development have favoured the diversification of the forms of management and economic development of the plant in its origin area. While the multinational company AMBEV, leader on the market of Guarana based soda, intends to keep the control on the market of the Guarana, various categories of producers (American Indians; caboclos, local communities, rural workers) are mobilizing for few years to stand up their know-how and the specificity of their production linked with their territory. Among those groups, the Satéré Mawé indians claim that they are depositary of the genetic diversity of the plant and that they still collect native seedlings in the forest to maintain the diversity in their fields. In this paper, we will watch the regional history and we will underline how environmental stakes (such as biodiversity conservation, traditional knowledge protection, green market) result within the territory in new cleavages related with the uses of natural resources.

Résumé Parmi les problèmes d'environnement reconnus à l'échelle de la planète, celui de l'érosion de la biodiversité a été traité par la mise au point d'une convention mettant en avant la prise en compte des « savoirs, innovations et pratiques des communautés autochtones et locales » dans la mise en œuvre d'un développement durable. Cette requalification de pratiques et savoirs portés par des populations fragilisées par plusieurs décennies de développement pose un certain nombre de problèmes quant à sa pertinence, ses formes et ses procédures. Les recherches pluridisciplinaires que nous avons menées en Amazonie brésilienne sur la gestion de la diversité variétale du manioc par divers groupes locaux en sont une bonne illustration. Après avoir présenté le contexte amazonien dans lequel est cultivé le manioc, nous nous intéressons aux environnements institutionnels et organisationnels dans lesquels évoluent les populations concernées pour amorcer une réflexion sur les configurations politiques émergentes en matière de préservation de savoirs locaux. Les ong s occupent une place non négligeable dans le champ politique, jouant le rôle d'intermédiation entre le local et les institutions politiques et administratives de l'Etat. Les dynamiques observées témoignent d'un changement profond du mode d'articulation des « populations autochtones » à la société englobante.

The loss of biodiversity, one of the environmental problems with an acknowledged planet‐wide impact, has been addressed by a convention which highlights the need to take into account the "knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities" in a context of sustainable development. This rehabilitation of the traditional practices and knowledge of communities undermined by several decades of development raises a number of problems as to its relevance, forms, and procedures. The multidisciplinary research we have carried out in Brazilian Amazonia on the management of the varietal diversity of cassava by various local groups provides a good illustration of this. After presenting the Amazonian context in which cassava is cultivated, we look at the institutional and organizational environments in which the communities concerned live before taking up the question of emerging political configurations involved in preserving local knowledge. Non‐governmental organisations play a significant role politically, as intermediaries between the local level and the state's political and administrative institutions. The dynamics observed testify to a far‐reaching change in the way "indigenous communities" relate to the society around them.

The loss of biodiversity, one of the environmental problems with an acknowledged planet-wide impact, has been addressed by a convention which highlights the need to take into account the "knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities" in a context of sustainable development. This rehabilitation of the traditional practices and knowledge of communities undermined by several decades of development raises a number of problems as to its relevance, forms, and procedures. The multidisciplinary research we have carried out in Brazilian Amazonia on the management of the varietal diversity of cassava by various local groups provides a good illustration of this. After presenting the Amazonian context in which cassava is cultivated, we look at the institutional and organizational environments in which the communities concerned live before taking up the question of emerging political configurations involved in preserving local knowledge. Non-governmental organisations play a significant role politically, as intermediaries between the local level and the state's political and administrative institutions. The dynamics observed testify to a far-reaching change in the way "indigenous communities" relate to the society around them. (Original abstract)

The loss of biodiversity, one of the environmental problems with an acknowledged planet-wide impact, has been addressed by a convention that highlights the need to take into account the 'knowledge, innovations & practices of indigenous & local communities' in a context of sustainable development. This rehabilitation of the traditional practices & knowledge of communities undermined by several decades of development raises a number of problems as to its relevance, forms, & procedures. The multidisciplinary research we have carried out in Brazilian Amazonia on the management of the varietal diversity of cassava by various local groups provides a good illustration of this. After presenting the Amazonian context in which cassava is cultivated, we look at the institutional & organizational environments in which the communities concerned live before taking up the question of emerging political configurations involved in preserving local knowledge. Nongovernmental organizations play a significant role politically, as intermediaries between the local level & the state's political & administrative institutions. The dynamics observed testify to a far-reaching change in the way 'indigenous communities' relate to the society around them. 19 References. Adapted from the source document.

The purpose of the Habitats directive, based explicitly on scientific knowledge, is to preserve biological diversity on a European scale through the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora. It differs from the standard nature protection policy approaches because of the principles which it espouses: maintaining biodiversity and sustainable development. The use of these notions is clearly not neutral nor without consequences. In exploring the content of the biodiversity concept, this text seeks to demonstrate how it redefined nature. An analysis of the text of the directive reveals its theoretically innovative aspects and the difficulties of applying this new nature policy. While it is clear that there are real difficulties of interpretation which can apply to all the countries involved, the room to manoeuvre and the risks of conflicts vary from country to country because they depend on the particular political culture. Our hypothesis is that biodiversity, as conceived in the directive and the action framework proposed, involves many contradictions which account for the outbursts in political and scientific circles which its application caused in France.

International audience ; More than 30 years after the 1988 Declaration of Belém, which we can consider an important outcome of socio‐environmental movements, this reflexive paper proposes new ways of approaching indigenous local knowledge (ILK) related to the living environment and understanding its relevance in times of global socio‐environmental crisis. Drawing upon the example of an ethnodevelopment project based on guarana production by indigenous Sateré‐Mawé people in the Brazilian Amazon, two important issues are addressed. First, we reflect on how a traditional management system can contribute to both biological and cultural conservation, even when that system is inserted in new global markets and spoken about through a scientific perspective. Second, we address the challenge of incorporating ILK into conservation research by formulating a set of methodological proposals. We show that ILK is a dynamic, adaptive and political product of local–global interactions. This leads us to defend an analysis of ILK that would focus on its processes of creation rather than on the body of knowledge that results from them, thus helping to account for ILK's vitality and the various forms of its legitimation. At the crossroads of ethnobiology, science and technology studies, and social anthropology, these research methods seek to go beyond the inventory, categorization and structural analysis of thoughts and practices to instead privilege an analysis of the interactions between local populations and resources; at the same time, they operate across different scales and integrate actors from the beginning to the end of (sometimes long) value chains. Such an approach aims to make visible the modes of knowledge translation and hybridization that indigenous people might implement to maintain control over their collective identities and their relationship with a changing environment.

International audience ; More than 30 years after the 1988 Declaration of Belém, which we can consider an important outcome of socio‐environmental movements, this reflexive paper proposes new ways of approaching indigenous local knowledge (ILK) related to the living environment and understanding its relevance in times of global socio‐environmental crisis. Drawing upon the example of an ethnodevelopment project based on guarana production by indigenous Sateré‐Mawé people in the Brazilian Amazon, two important issues are addressed. First, we reflect on how a traditional management system can contribute to both biological and cultural conservation, even when that system is inserted in new global markets and spoken about through a scientific perspective. Second, we address the challenge of incorporating ILK into conservation research by formulating a set of methodological proposals. We show that ILK is a dynamic, adaptive and political product of local–global interactions. This leads us to defend an analysis of ILK that would focus on its processes of creation rather than on the body of knowledge that results from them, thus helping to account for ILK's vitality and the various forms of its legitimation. At the crossroads of ethnobiology, science and technology studies, and social anthropology, these research methods seek to go beyond the inventory, categorization and structural analysis of thoughts and practices to instead privilege an analysis of the interactions between local populations and resources; at the same time, they operate across different scales and integrate actors from the beginning to the end of (sometimes long) value chains. Such an approach aims to make visible the modes of knowledge translation and hybridization that indigenous people might implement to maintain control over their collective identities and their relationship with a changing environment.

International audience ; More than 30 years after the 1988 Declaration of Belém, which we can consider an important outcome of socio‐environmental movements, this reflexive paper proposes new ways of approaching indigenous local knowledge (ILK) related to the living environment and understanding its relevance in times of global socio‐environmental crisis. Drawing upon the example of an ethnodevelopment project based on guarana production by indigenous Sateré‐Mawé people in the Brazilian Amazon, two important issues are addressed. First, we reflect on how a traditional management system can contribute to both biological and cultural conservation, even when that system is inserted in new global markets and spoken about through a scientific perspective. Second, we address the challenge of incorporating ILK into conservation research by formulating a set of methodological proposals. We show that ILK is a dynamic, adaptive and political product of local–global interactions. This leads us to defend an analysis of ILK that would focus on its processes of creation rather than on the body of knowledge that results from them, thus helping to account for ILK's vitality and the various forms of its legitimation. At the crossroads of ethnobiology, science and technology studies, and social anthropology, these research methods seek to go beyond the inventory, categorization and structural analysis of thoughts and practices to instead privilege an analysis of the interactions between local populations and resources; at the same time, they operate across different scales and integrate actors from the beginning to the end of (sometimes long) value chains. Such an approach aims to make visible the modes of knowledge translation and hybridization that indigenous people might implement to maintain control over their collective identities and their relationship with a changing environment.