Brazil has one of the fastest-growing COVID-19 epidemics worldwide. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been adopted at the municipal level with asynchronous actions taken across 5,568 municipalities and the Federal District. This paper systematises the fragmented information on NPIs reporting on a novel dataset with survey responses from 4,027 mayors, covering 72.3% of all municipalities in the country. This dataset responds to the urgency to track and share findings on fragmented policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Quantifying NPIs can help to assess the role of interventions in reducing transmission. We offer spatial and temporal details for a range of measures aimed at implementing social distancing and the dates when these measures were relaxed by local governments.
[Abstract] Mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV) is a member of the provisional genus Chapparvovirus that causes renal disease in immune-compromised mice, with a disease course reminiscent of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in immune-suppressed kidney transplant patients. Here we map four major MKPV transcripts, created by alternative splicing, to a common initiator region, and use mass spectrometry to identify "p10" and "p15" as novel chapparvovirus accessory proteins produced in MKPV-infected kidneys. p15 and the splicing-dependent putative accessory protein NS2 are conserved in all near-complete amniote chapparvovirus genomes currently available (from mammals, birds and a reptile). In contrast, p10 may be encoded only by viruses with >60% amino acid identity to MKPV. We show that MKPV is kidney-tropic and that the bat chapparvovirus DrPV-1 and a non-human primate chapparvovirus, CKPV, are also found in the kidneys of their hosts. We propose, therefore, that many mammal chapparvoviruses are likely to be nephrotropic. ; [Author summary] Parvoviruses are small, genetically simple single-strand DNA viruses that remain viable outside their hosts for very long periods of time. They cause disease in several domesticated species and in humans. Mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV) is a causative agent of kidney failure in immune-compromised mice and is the only member of the provisional Chapparvovirus genus for which the complete genome including telomeres is known. Here, we show that MKPV propagates almost exclusively in the kidneys of mice infected naturally, wherein it produces novel accessory proteins whose coding regions are conserved in amniote-associated chapparvovirus sequences. We assemble a closely related complete viral genome present in DNA extracted from the kidney of a wild Cebus imitator monkey, and show that another related chapparvovirus is preferentially found in kidneys of the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus. We conclude that many mammal-hosted chapparvovirus are adapted to the kidney niche and may therefore cause disease following kidney stress in multiple species. ; Supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (W.W., B.R., P.B. & J.J.-L.W), the Cancer Institute NSW (B.R. & J.J.-L.W), the Hillcrest Foundation (C.J.J.), the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (S.H.W.), the National Institutes of Health (U19AI109761 Center for Research in Diagnostics and Discovery, S.H.W.), the National Cancer Institute Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA008748 (S.M.), the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil (No. 17/13981-0 and 18/09383-3, W.M.S, & M.J.F.), the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (A.D.M), the Canada Research Chairs program (A.D.M.), the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (A.D.M. & J.D.O.) and the Beatriu de Pinós postdoctoral programme of the Government of Catalonia's Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Ministry of Economy and Knowledge (J.D.O.). IDEXX BioAnalytics funded the portion of the reported work performed in their laboratories. ; Peer reviewed
