Suchergebnisse

Le dossier de l'historien de l'économie, au fur et à mesure que l'on s'approche du xviie siècle, devient de plus en plus mince. Ce même dossier, en général, est extrêmement faible pour toute époque, en ce qui concerne les changes. Faiblesse, évidemment, des sources imprimées, car la richesse des archives, par contre, est à ce sujet considérable.Nous ne croyons pas, nous ne prétendons pas, aujourd'hui, renverser d'un seul coup la situation. Pourtant, la chance que nous avons eue de rencontrer une très bonne source avec de multiples données valables, nous fait un devoir d'en communiquer les premiers résultats à tous les chercheurs.

This is a conference paper. ; Accountability of service providers to their clients/users is an essential condition for sustainability of water services. Social audit, Citizen Report Card and Community Scorecard have been widely utilised tools enabling citizens and communities to hold government to account for the delivery of basic services. WaterAid introduced a Community Scorecard Tool to Timor-Leste in 2012 to allow communities to assess the performance of WaterAid and their implementing partners. This tool was adapted in 2016 to enable communities to assess and improve the performance of the community based water management group and government frontline staff to deliver water services in their rural communities. The methodology includes provision of an immediate feedback loop and action planning component that involves government authorities, formal village leadership, service providers and water users. The tool was tested in eight locations by WaterAid and local NGO facilitators and to date has shown promise in motivating communities to improve their water services.

The Mediterranean climate is characterized by hot dry summers and frequent droughts. Mediterranean crops are frequently subjected to high evapotranspiration demands, soil water deficits, high temperatures, and photo-oxidative stress. These conditions will become more severe due to global warming which poses major challenges to the sustainability of the agricultural sector in Mediterranean countries. Selection of crop varieties adapted to future climatic conditions and more tolerant to extreme climatic events is urgently required. Plant phenotyping is a crucial approach to address these challenges. High-throughput plant phenotyping (HTPP) helps to monitor the performance of improved genotypes and is one of the most effective strategies to improve the sustainability of agricultural production. In spite of the remarkable progress in basic knowledge and technology of plant phenotyping, there are still several practical, financial, and political constraints to implement HTPP approaches in field and controlled conditions across the Mediterranean. The European panorama of phenotyping is heterogeneous and integration of phenotyping data across different scales and translation of "phytotron research" to the field, and from model species to crops, remain major challenges. Moreover, solutions specifically tailored to Mediterranean agriculture (e.g., crops and environmental stresses) are in high demand, as the region is vulnerable to climate change and to desertification processes. The specific phenotyping requirements of Mediterranean crops have not yet been fully identified. The high cost of HTPP infrastructures is a major limiting factor, though the limited availability of skilled personnel may also impair its implementation in Mediterranean countries. We propose that the lack of suitable phenotyping infrastructures is hindering the development of new Mediterranean agricultural varieties and will negatively affect future competitiveness of the agricultural sector. We provide an overview of the heterogeneous panorama of phenotyping within Mediterranean countries, describing the state of the art of agricultural production, breeding initiatives, and phenotyping capabilities in five countries: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey. We characterize some of the main impediments for development of plant phenotyping in those countries and identify strategies to overcome barriers and maximize the benefits of phenotyping and modeling approaches to Mediterranean agriculture and related sustainability. © Copyright © 2019 Costa, Marques da Silva, Pinheiro, Barón, Mylona, Centritto, Haworth, Loreto, Uzilday, Turkan and Oliveira. ; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 739514 LIFE16 CCA/GR/000050 PTDC/ASP-HOR/31907/2017, PTDC/ASP-PLA/28726/2017 RTI2018-094652-B-I00 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT: PEst-OE/BIA/UI4046/2014, UID/Multi/04551/2013, UID/MULTI/00612/2013, UID/AGR/04129/2013 P12-AGR-0370 European Cooperation in Science and Technology, COST ; MO is thankful to Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal), for funding the R&D unit, UID/Multi/04551/2013 (GREEN-IT). JMC thanks the support of FCT for funding the R&D unit LEAF (UID/AGR/04129/2013). JMS is grateful to FCT for funding BioISI R&D unit, UID/MULTI/00612/2013, under the project PEst-OE/BIA/UI4046/2014 and the internal projects Optigrape I and II. Part of the work was also supported by the FCT R&D projects INTERPHENO (PTDC/ASP-PLA/28726/2017) and VitiRoots (PTDC/ASP-HOR/31907/2017). JMC, JMS, CP, PM, IT and BU acknowledge the COST Action Phenomenall FA 1306 - The quest for tolerant varieties - Phenotyping at plant and cellular level. MB is grateful to the financial support of grants from Junta de Andaluc?a (P12-AGR-0370) and Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci?n y Universidades (RTI2018-094652-B-I00 and MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE). FL thanks the support of EU H2020 project EMPHASIS-PREP (grant agreement n. 739514). PM acknowledges the support of EU-LIFE program under the grant agreement LIFE16 CCA/GR/000050.

Determination of material properties and functions is a crucial step towards optimization of fabrication methods as well as the development of electrospun nanofibers for use in e.g. food engineering applications. This work focused in evaluating physical and mass transfer properties of simple poly -caprolactone nanofibers (PCL membrane), and poly ε-caprolactone nanofibers with encapsulated trypsin (E-PCL membrane), in view of their future use in a catalytic filter reactor. PCL membranes registered high hydrophobicity values, while E-PCL membranes revealed stronger mechanical properties and an increase of mass due to water incorporation. A decrease of average pore size in the range of 30% to 40% was observed for E-PCL membranes and an average pore diameter of 1/3 of the size was registered when compared to the PCL membrane; this difference was shown to be significant enough to influence the transport of larger molecules (e.g. bovine serum albumin). Release experiments of active compounds (lysozyme, bovine serum albumin and lactoferrin) were successfully described by a model which accounts for both Fick and Case II transport the linear superimposition model. Results show that the transport mechanism is influenced by the type of active compound and by membranes physical properties. ; The present study was developed under the scope of the NanoBioCats project (PTDC/CTM-POL/112289/2009), funded by the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia – FCT). This work was also supported by the COMPETE program (funded by the European Union fund, FEDER under the framework of QREN (Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (ON.2 – O Novo Norte; FEDER))) through projects NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000028 and NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000069. Also, the authors thank Strategic Projects PEst-OE/EQB/LA0023/2013, PEst-C/EQB/LA0006/2013 – FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-37285 and PEst-C/QUI/UI0062/2013 – FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-037296. The Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) through grant ...