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AbstractFrom environmental scanning perspective, this study examines the mediated relationship among organizational slack (OS), open innovation search (IS), and high-tech small and medium enterprises (SMEs) performance. We also propose that this mediated relationship is moderated by organizational risk (OR) and government subsidy (GS). We tested our model by using a sample of 244 high-tech SMEs. Our empirical results indicate that open IS partially mediates the positive relationship between OS and SMEs' performance, and the mediated relationship is strengthened by OR and GS. These findings offer important implications for both SMEs and government to effectively promote firm performance.

Greenhouse gases (GHG), the gases that cause climate change, are a major global concern. In the transportation sector, GHG reduction initiatives focus on passenger travel over goods movement, despite increasing freight demand and related emissions. California, with its recent GHG reduction legislation and large freight centers and corridors, provides a unique case study to evaluate the introduction of an alternative freight mode. Short sea shipping (SSS) offers a low GHG emission alternative to overland modes such as heavy-duty trucks. Analysis shows that this service is justifiable from a demand and operational perspective. Estimation of GHG emissions change from mode shift shows that SSS could significantly assist the California freight corridor in meeting a GHG reduction goal. The operational speeds of short sea ships are a more crucial factor than ship size in influencing overall GHG emissions; in addition, the target market does not require excessively high speed. Under lower speed, increasing ship size is not expected to bring significant emission benefits, but adds the operators' economic risks under demand uncertainties. In addition to market segmentation, reliability is another key to the SSS's market penetration. The economic potential of SSS is dependent on both carrier-based efforts and governmental intervention, the latter of which may further favor the development of SSS in the future policy environment.

AbstractThis article focuses on the entrepreneurial identification (EI), through the perspectives of social identity theory and identity theory. Using an empirical method, we investigate factors that affect the formation of EI. Results show that academic entrepreneurs' multiple identities (MI) and role conflict (RC) influence such type of formation. Moreover, we use role orientation (RO) as a moderating variable and find that, although RO of academic entrepreneurs can moderate the relationship between RC and EI, the effect of MI on EI cannot be moderated by ROin a significant way. We also discuss and validate the relationship between EI and academic entrepreneurial performance. These findings highlight the importance of certain factors in forming anEI, thus providing theoretical contributions of RO moderation in the relationship between RC and EI, as well as insights into the integration of social identity theory with identity theory.

Recent trends in regulating maritime vessel emissions have negative effects on the competitiveness of many ports as regulations increase costs for shipping operators calling the ports. This paper develops analytical models to examine the emission standards set by governments for ports in their jurisdictions. Given the emission standards set by governments, which affects fuel cost experienced by shipping operators, ports determine charges for shipping operators. Unilateral, bilateral, and single-country regulation cases are investigated. Specifically, our analysis focuses on how increase in the maximum reservation price of shipping operators, port capacity, and environmental damage costs of ports affect optimal emission standards. ; Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-53956-01)

AbstractDrawing on consumer inferences theory, our research examines the spillover effects of positive reviews from a multi‐generation product perspective and mainly explores the moderating role of time interval and price growth rate. The results show the spillover effects of positive reviews would be affected or even changed by entering timing and prices of new products. We find that the number of a previous‐generation product's positive reviews has an inverted U‐shaped relation with sales performance of a next‐generation product when the time interval between the two generational products is short. Further, we reveal that this relation is positive when the time interval between the two generations is long. Moreover, the positive influence of the number of a previous‐generation product's positive reviews on the sales performance of a next‐generation product will be weaker as the price growth rate of a next‐generation product rises. We test our hypotheses using online sales data of the Chinese mobile market. Our empirical analysis contributes to the research of multi‐generational products and online reviews, and enriches the consumer inferences theory.