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Around the world, extreme weather events are becoming increasingly "the new normal" and are expected to increase in the 21st century as a result of climate change. Extreme weather events have devastating impacts on human lives and national economies. This book examines ways to protect people from hazards using early warning systems, and includes contributions from experts from four different continents representing 14 different universities, 8 government agencies and two UN agencies. Chapters detail critical components of early warning systems, ways to identify vulnerable communities, predict hazards and deliver information. Unique satellite images illustrate the transnational impact of disasters, while case studies provide detailed examples of warning systems. With contributors from the fields of economics, ethics, meteorology, geography and biology, this book is essential reading for anyone interested in disaster risk reduction or climate change

Front Cover -- Resilience -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Scales of Adaptation Action -- The Adaptation Toolkit -- Emerging Issues and Next Steps -- Conclusions -- References -- I. Adaptation Needs -- 1 Extreme Events: Trends and Risk Assessment Methodologies -- 1.1 Impact of Climate Change on Extremes -- 1.1.1 Heat Waves -- 1.1.2 Extreme Precipitation Events -- 1.1.3 Droughts -- 1.1.4 Tropical Cyclones -- 1.1.5 Severe Convection -- 1.1.6 Human Impacts -- 1.2 Catastrophe Modeling and Risk Assessment for Adaptation -- 1.2.1 Historical Observations and Extreme Value Theory -- 1.2.2 Catastrophe Models -- 1.2.3 Dynamical Models -- 1.3 Different Questions -- References -- Further Reading -- 2 Adapting to Sea-Level Rise -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Coastal Systems -- 2.3 Global-Mean and Relative Sea-Level Change -- 2.4 Impacts of Sea-Level Rise -- 2.5 Recent Impacts of Sea-Level Rise -- 2.6 Future Impacts of Sea-Level Rise -- 2.7 Adaptation To Sea-Level Rise -- 2.7.1 Adaptation Strategies and Options -- 2.7.2 Adaptation Processes and Frameworks -- 2.7.3 Choosing Between Adaptation Measures/Options -- 2.7.4 Adaptation Experience -- 2.8 Discussion/Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- 3 Climate Change, Climate Extremes, and Global Food Production-Adaptation in the Agricultural Sector -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Bibliographic Network Analysis -- 3.2.1 Methodology -- 3.2.1.1 Systematic Query of the Literature -- 3.2.1.2 Creation of a Bibliographic Network -- 3.2.1.3 Identification of the Most Influential Publications Using PageRank -- 3.2.2 Overview of the Literature -- 3.2.2.1 Considerable Increase in Publications Focusing on Climate Change and Agriculture in Recent Decades.

This research was funded by The European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No 679787), awarded to CC and the Research Council of Norway (SFF-III 223257/F50). ; Investigating the repeatability of trait variation between individuals, that is the amount of individual variation in relation to overall phenotypic variation, indicates an upper level of heritability and reveals whether a given trait may be subject to selection. Labile traits are characterized by high levels of flexibility and consequently low trait repeatability is expected. Indeed, research examining glucocorticoid levels in various non-mammal species found low repeatability scores. However, mammals may be different in this respect as (i) differential maternal care early in life has the potential to prime hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning and (ii) allelic variation affecting hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning has been reported. Individuals often differ from each other in average and/or plastic labile trait expression, two aspects that can be described using a reaction norm approach. Both consistent and flexible reaction norm expression has been argued to serve adaptive purposes, depending on the stability and predictability of environmental conditions. Here, we investigated both trait and reaction norm repeatability of urinary cortisol levels in wild adult male chimpanzees. To capture the expression of the circadian urinary cortisol rhythm of individual males over time, urine samples were collected throughout the day. In total data of 30 males collected over a period of 8 years were included in the dataset. No male was sampled over the whole 8-year period however. We found minor levels of trait repeatability but considerable reaction norm repeatability. This implies a minor role of genetic or priming factors on cortisol excretion, but reveals that males differ consistently in average urinary cortisol levels and the shape of the circadian urinary cortisol rhythm. Relating these results to fitness parameters will provide answers to questions on the adaptive value of reaction norm repeatability of this labile hormonal trait in the future. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

Governments, businesses, and civil society organizations have diverse policy tools to incentivize adaptation. Policy tools can shape the type and extent of adaptation, and therefore, function either as barriers or enablers for reducing risk and vulnerability. Using data from a systematic review of academic literature on global adaptation responses to climate change (n = 1549 peer-reviewed articles), we categorize the types of policy tools used to shape climate adaptation. We apply qualitative and quantitative analyses to assess the contexts where particular tools are used, along with equity implications for groups targeted by the tools, and the tools relationships with transformational adaptation indicators such as the depth, scope, and speed of adaptation. We find diverse types of tools documented across sectors and geographic regions. We also identify a mismatch between the tools that consider equity and those that yield more transformational adaptations. Direct regulations, plans, and capacity building are associated with higher depth and scope of adaptation (thus transformational adaptation), while economic instruments, information provisioning, and networks are not; the latter tools, however, are more likely to target marginalized groups in their design and implementation. We identify multiple research gaps, including a need to assess instrument mixes rather than single tools and to assess adaptations that result from policy implementation. Key policy insights Information-based approaches, networks, and economic instruments are the most frequently documented adaptation policy tools worldwide. Direct regulations, plans, and capacity building are associated with higher depth and scope of adaptation, and thus more transformational adaptation. Capacity building, economic instruments, networks, and information provisioning approaches are more likely to target specific marginalized groups and thus equity challenges. There are many regions and sectors where certain tools are not widely documented (e.g. regulations and plans in Africa and Asia), representing a key research gap. ; Published version

Governments, businesses, and civil society organizations have diverse policy tools to incentivize adaptation. Policy tools can shape the type and extent of adaptation, and therefore, function either as barriers or enablers for reducing risk and vulnerability. Using data from a systematic review of academic literature on global adaptation responses to climate change (n = 1549 peer-reviewed articles), we categorize the types of policy tools used to shape climate adaptation. We apply qualitative and quantitative analyses to assess the contexts where particular tools are used, along with equity implications for groups targeted by the tools, and the tools' relationships with transformational adaptation indicators such as the depth, scope, and speed of adaptation. We find diverse types of tools documented across sectors and geographic regions. We also identify a mismatch between the tools that consider equity and those that yield more transformational adaptations. Direct regulations, plans, and capacity building are associated with higher depth and scope of adaptation (thus transformational adaptation), while economic instruments, information provisioning, and networks are not; the latter tools, however, are more likely to target marginalized groups in their design and implementation. We identify multiple research gaps, including a need to assess instrument mixes rather than single tools and to assess adaptations that result from policy implementation.

Climate change Loss and Damage has emerged as a key challenge of the 21st century. This Policy Brief first frames the challenge and then introduces the Resilience Academy, highlighting 5 key insights that both feed the debate and inform action. Finally, it provides 5 recommendations to the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM ExCom) for its 5-year work plan.