Suchergebnisse

This report attempts to examine the impact of the crisis and crisis policies on incomes, inequality and poverty in Greece. Based on extensive income and tax data, it investigates changes in incomes, direct, indirect and property taxation and their incidence between 2008 and 2012-13, their impact on pre- and post-tax inequality and the resulting social reclassifications within the Greek society. The report is distinguishing income by sources at the deciles level, including the top 1% and 0.1%, household and individual income while focusing also on the sub-groups of the 'same households' and the 'same individuals'. Furthermore, the analysis combines unemployment and income data and uses an 'index of despair' reflecting the pressure felt by households hit from salary drop and unemployment. The findings suggest that pauperisation hit large parts of the society, that policies had very differentiated effects on different groups and that, therefore, average values obscure contrasting changes in inequality regarding particular sub-groups, that during the crisis all income classes comprise winners and losers and last, but not least, that many macro-variables and social indicators were the result of a deficient crisis management approach and ideological inflexibility coupled to established political interests, making the exit from the crisis more complicated and painful. The findings of this analysis should be assessed in the light of the severe economic depression caused by the Troika's policies. ; Die Studie untersucht den Einfluss der Krise und der getroffenen Maßnahmen auf die Einkommen, die Einkommensverteilung und Armut in Griechenland. Basierend auf detaillierten Einkommens- und Steuerdaten werden die Veränderungen der Einkommen, der direkten und indirekten Steuern und der Vermögensbesteuerung zwischen 2008 und 2012-13 untersucht und in ihren Wirkungen auf die Einkommensverteilung und die sozialen Veränderungen in der griechischen Gesellschaft analysiert. Die Studie unterscheidet die Einkommen nach Einkommensart untergliedert nach Dezilen für die Haushalte und die individuellen Einkommen, zusätzlich werden auch die Hocheinkommensgruppen weiter differenziert. Dabei werden auch die Veränderungen in den Untergruppen der "gleichen Haushalte" und bei den "gleichen Individuen" untersucht. Zusätzlich werden Arbeitslosen- und Einkommensdaten kombiniert und ein "Index der Verzweiflung" erstellt, der den Druck auf die Haushalte deutlich machen soll, die sowohl von abnehmenden Einkommen als auch von Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen sind. Letztlich zeigen die Ergebnisse aber auch ein sehr differenziertes Bild. Auf der einen Seite sind große Teile der Gesellschaft wirtschaftlich verarmt. In allen Einkommensklassen gab es neben den Verlierern aber auch Gewinner. Von den Politikmaßnahmen waren verschiedene Gruppen sehr unterschiedlich betroffen. Letztlich zeigen viele makroökonomischen und sozialen Indikatoren, dass aufgrund des schlechten Krisenmanagements und aus ideologischen Gründe verbunden mit den vorherrschenden politischen Interessen der Ausweg aus der Krise komplizierter und schmerzhafter geriet als notwendig. Das alles wird untersucht vor dem Hintergrund der von der Troika veranlassten massiven Kontraktion der Wirtschaft.

This paper explores native-immigrant wage differentials in the Greek labour market. Data from the most recent Greek Household Budget Survey (2004-05) were employed, four alternative occupational categories were considered and occupational choice was explicitly modelled. Controlling for occupational selectivity, occupation-specific wage regressions for representative samples of employed native and immigrant workers were estimated and an augmented decomposition technique was utilized to analyze inter and intra occupation wage differentials. The obtained results demonstrate that roughly 48 per cent of the average wage differential can not be explained by differences in observed characteristics and that the larger component of this unexplained part is due to asymmetrical occupational access by native and immigrant workers.

AbstractRural areas are places where various social groups live either permanently or seasonally. The mobilities and immobilities of these groups are related to their differential resources. The vast impact of the financial crisis on Greece relates to the major decline of its GDP and enormous increase in unemployment. The article aims to shed light on the complexities of social marginalisation and social exclusion in rural Greece, but also, and more importantly, to theorise the coping mechanisms and strategies by those affected and build upon the experiences of rural areas during the prolonged economic crisis. Population dynamics and the various social and spatial mobilities in rural areas provide the baseline for tracing rural complexities and theorising the emergent coping strategies. The concepts of rural cosmopolitanism and resilience are used to unpack the complexities of marginalisation and social exclusion in rural Greece. A brief reference to the statistical data resolves the apparent controversies related to the changing regional and local geography of poverty and social exclusion in Greece during the crisis. The more focused empirical findings, illustrated in the form of two island areas, illustrate the various coping mechanisms and strategies that are emerging in rural Greece.