Suchergebnisse

Herrmann Klaatsch eignete sich 1905 unter dubiosen Umständen eine australische Räuchermumie an und übergab sie der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte (BGAEU). Aus historischen Quellen ist bekannt, dass es sich hierbei um die sterblichen Überreste von "Ng:tja" handelt, auch unter dem Namen Barry Clarke bekannt. Der Herkunftsort der Mumie befindet sich im nordöstlichen Queensland. 1914 übergab die BGAEU diese Mumie dann als Dauerleihgabe an das Ethnologische Museum Berlin, wo sie bis zur Restitution an die Nachfahren von Ng:tja im Jahr 2017 blieb. Mit den Nachfahren von Ng:tja wurde eine Vereinbarung über die anthropologische Untersuchung und Beprobung getroffen. Die genetischen Analysen haben ergeben, dass die Mumie aus dem australischen Raum kommt und zur indigenen Bevölkerung Australiens gehört. Die mitochondriale DNA weist zudem auf das Herkunftsgebiet Queensland hin und das Geschlecht konnte, in Übereinstimmung mit der anthropologischen Untersuchung, genetisch als männlich bestimmt werden.

In Early Middle Ages (sixth–eleventh centuries AD), South Tyrol (Italian Alps) played a key role for geographical and military reasons. Historical sources document that allochthonous groups (germani) entered the territory, and the material culture shows mutual cultural exchanges between autochthonous and germani. Besides the nature of the migration, the demographic and socio-cultural impacts on the local population are still unknown. Stable isotope analyses were performed to provide insights into dietary patterns, subsistence strategies, changes in socio-economic structures, and mobility, according to spatial (e.g. valleys, altitudes) and chronological (centuries) parameters. Bone collagen of 32 faunal and 91 human bone samples from nine sites, located at different altitudes, was extracted for stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur isotope analyses. In total, 94% (30/32) of the faunal remains were of good quality, while the humans displayed 93% (85/91) of good quality samples for δ13C and δ15N and 44% (40/91) for δ34S stable isotopes. The isotopic results of the animals reflected a terrestrial-based diet. Statistical differences were observed within and among the humans of the different valleys. The δ13C values of individuals sampled from higher altitudes indicated a mainly C3 plant-based diet compared to areas at lower altitudes, where more positive δ13C values showed an intake of C4 plants. The δ15N values suggested a terrestrial-based diet with a greater consumption of animal proteins at higher altitudes. The data revealed higher variability in δ34S values in the Adige valley, with individuals probably migrating and/or changing dietary habits.

Prevotella copri is a common human gut microbe that has been both positively and negatively associated with host health. In a cross-continent meta-analysis exploiting >6,500 metagenomes, we obtained >1,000 genomes and explored the genetic and population structure of P. copri. P. copri encompasses four distinct clades (>10% inter-clade genetic divergence) that we propose constitute the P. copri complex, and all clades were confirmed by isolate sequencing. These clades are nearly ubiquitous and co-present in non-Westernized populations. Genomic analysis showed substantial functional diversity in the complex with notable differences in carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting that multi-generational dietary modifications may be driving reduced prevalence in Westernized populations. Analysis of ancient metagenomes highlighted patterns of P. copri presence consistent with modern non-Westernized populations and a clade delineation time pre-dating human migratory waves out of Africa. These findings reveal that P. copri exhibits a high diversity that is underrepresented in Western-lifestyle populations. ; This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 716575) to N.S. This work was also supported by the NIH NHGRI grant R01HG005220, the NIDDK grant R24DK110499, the NIDDK grant U54DE023798, and the CMIT grant 6935956 to C.H.; the NYU-HHC CTSI grant (1TL1TR001447) to H.F.P.; the US National Institute of Health grant R01-DK103358-01 to R.B. and D.R.L.; the Howard Hughes Medical Institute to D.R.L.; and the MIUR "Futuro in Ricerca" RBFR13EWWI_001, the European Union (H2020-SFS-2018-1 project MASTER-818368 and H2020-SC1-BHC project ONCOBIOME-825410) to N.S. Further support was provided by the Programma Ricerca Budget Eurac 2017 of the Province of Bolzano, Italy to F.M., and by the EU-H2020 (DiMeTrack-707345) to E.P. and N.S. ; Peer reviewed