Suchergebnisse

We analyzed how authentic leadership (AL) predicts subordinate creativity, taking into account the possible mediator of positive team atmosphere. Participants were 69 team leaders and 335 team members working in enterprises in China. Subordinates reported their perception of there being
an atmosphere of team trust and psychological safety at work, in addition to the AL of their supervisors, whereas supervisors rated employee creativity. The main findings were as follows: (a) AL positively predicted employee creativity through the mediators of both atmosphere of team trust
and psychological safety; and (b) atmosphere of team trust and psychological safety positively affected teams' knowledge sharing and, in turn, creativity. Our results enrich understanding of the processes through which AL improves subordinates' creativity. By promoting AL and a team atmosphere
of trust and psychological safety, organizations may enhance employees' creative performance.

Tan (1987) and Dandridge and Flynn (1988) argue that both internal and external environments favour entrepreneurship development in China. Nevertheless, research studies about Chinese entrepreneurs only select Geteihu —one-man businesses (Tuan et al. 1986), private merchants (Wank, 1990), Xiangzhen Qiye—rural enterprises (Nolan and Dong, 1989), and corporate entrepreneurs (Siu, 1992) as sampling units. Siying Qiyejia, private entrepreneurs or owner-managers, especially those in manufacturing industries and services sectors are neglected. According to the classification of the Chinese government, private enterprises are businesses owned by individuals with 8 or more employees (Young, 1991). (For those below 8, they are classified as one-man business.) They mainly participate in the manufacturing and services sectors (Guo, 1992). This paper attempts to address the imbalance and also adds new insights to the body of knowledge by investigating private entrepreneurs in China. 70 owner-managers in Guangzhou, the business centre in South China, were selected for sampling. In-depth personal interviews with 14 private entrepreneurs were successfully arranged. The problems encountered by private entrepreneurs in China in ranking order are taxation, credit, human resource and growth. They indicate that the major cause for those problems lies in the Chinese government changing policies and regulations in relation to private enterprises too frequently. Most private entrepreneurs use the 'let-it-be' approach to handle those problems. However, a small portion of them get around them by establishing joint ventures with overseas investors. Under the joint venture umbrella, they no longer suffer from stringent controls imposed by government officials, but rather, be able to enjoy better investment incentives.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy has attracted tremendous interests as a highly sensitive label-free tool. The local field produced by the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) dominates the overall enhancement of SERS. Such an electromagnetic enhancement is unfortunately accompanied by a strong modification in the relative intensity of the original Raman spectra, which highly distorts spectral features providing chemical information. Here we propose a robust method to retrieve the fingerprint of intrinsic chemical information from the SERS spectra. The method is established based on the finding that the SERS background originates from the LSPR-modulated photoluminescence, which contains the local field information shared also by SERS. We validate this concept of retrieval of intrinsic fingerprint information in well controlled single metallic nanoantennas of varying aspect ratios. We further demonstrate its unambiguity and generality in more complicated systems of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) and SERS of silver nanoaggregates. ; We acknowledge support from NSFC (21633005, 21621091 and J1310024), MOST (2013CB933703 and 2016YFA0200601), MOE (IRT13036), and MINECO (FIS2016-80174-P) and Basque Government grant of UPV/EHU Grupos Consolidados IT-756-13. R.E. also acknowledges Fellow Gipuzkoa of the Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia through the European Union's FEDER program 'Una manera de hacer Europa'. ; Peer Reviewed