Suchergebnisse

Research over the past decades has raised questions regarding whether democratic ideas were present during the late Ming Dynasty (around the 17th century). Much of this research has overly emphasized the presence of these new ideas, thereby ignoring the way for that thinkers expressed these ideas, the influence of former ideas, and the history of such ideas. Therefore, this work proposes to adopt an approach focusing on the history of concept and the history of experience to explore these questions and analyze the late Ming democratic ideas. In this work, it firstly discusses what the democratic idea is and how to research this idea in the ancient Chinese language context. Then, this work studies the ideological change in the middle of the Ming Dynasty as the "Saddle Period" for the new ideas in the late Ming Dynasty. Last, it researches the history of a series of concepts which are related to democracy, tracing them from early history to the late Ming Dynasty. Through this research, this work re-assurts the existence of democratic ideas in the late Ming Dynasty, while and analyzing the essence and contents of these ideas.

Since Chinese government initiated economic reform in the late 1970s, entrepreneurship and private sectors have emerged gradually and played an increasingly important role in promoting economic growth. However, entrepreneurship is distributed unevenly in China. Using micro data from 2008 economic census and 2005 population census, this paper explains spatial clusters of entrepreneurship for both manufacturing and services. For both sectors, entrepreneurship (measured by new private firms) tends to emerge in places with more relevant upstream and downstream firms. Moreover, Chinitz's (1961) theories are also supported for manufacturing: small upstream and downstream firms seem to be more important for manufacturing entrepreneurship. For both sectors, entrepreneurship is positively related to city size, the share of young adults and the elderly population, and foreign direct investment. More migrants are also found to promote service entrepreneurship. Our paper is the first to consider both manufacturing and service entrepreneurship in China and should be of interest to both local and national policymakers who plan to encourage entrepreneurship.

Since Chinese government initiated economic reform in the late 1970s, entrepreneurship and private sectors have emerged gradually and played an increasingly important role in promoting economic growth. However, entrepreneurship is distributed unevenly in China. Using micro data from 2008 economic census and 2005 population census, this paper explains spatial clusters of entrepreneurship for both manufacturing and services. For both sectors, entrepreneurship (measured by new private firms) tends to emerge in places with more relevant upstream and downstream firms. Moreover, Chinitz's (1961) theories are also supported for manufacturing: small upstream and downstream firms seem to be more important for manufacturing entrepreneurship. For both sectors, entrepreneurship is positively related to city size, the share of young adults and the elderly population, and foreign direct investment. More migrants are also found to promote service entrepreneurship. Our paper is the first to consider both manufacturing and service entrepreneurship in China and should be of interest to both local and national policymakers who plan to encourage entrepreneurship.

Since the reform and opening up, the city has steadily promoted the renovation of old maternity houses, towns and villages in response to the call of the state, thus promoting urban renewal, realizing urban economic development, industrial upgrading and people's livelihood improvement. The living density of economic housing is high, and the quality needs to be further optimized. However, the current urban renewal needs to improve the living quality of housing to serve the people. Therefore, when planning, constructing and renovating the interior space of public housing and meeting people's basic living conditions, people's intuitive feeling of the environment should be put first, rather than excessive attention to formal beauty—taking the EDF. de Alameda da Tranquilidade in Macau, as an example, based on the theory of space syntax, this paper conducts a convex space analysis and research on the interior space form of the first building of EDF. de Alameda da Tranqui-lidade, including the global integration degree, local integration degree (R=3,6), connectivity, intelligibility, control and Mean Depth, analyze the areas with higher integration, connection value and control value and lower areas, and make suggestions for future plane optimization, related The recommendations also apply to the second and third buildings of Yongning Plaza Building, providing better reference value and reference for relevant government departments.

Abstract. Monitoring drought and mastering the laws of drought propagation are the basis for regional drought prevention and resistance. Multivariate drought indicators considering meteorological, agricultural and hydrological information may fully describe drought conditions. However, series of hydrological variables in cold and arid regions that are too short or missing make it difficult to monitor drought. This paper proposed a method
combining Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and empirical Kendall distribution function (KC′) for drought monitoring. The SWAT model, based on the principle of runoff formation, was used to simulate the hydrological variables of the drought evolution process. Three univariate drought indexes, namely meteorological drought (standardized precipitation
evapotranspiration index; SPEI), agricultural drought (standardized soil moisture index; SSI)
and hydrological drought (standardized streamflow drought index; SDI), were constructed using a parametric or non-parametric method to analyze the propagation time from meteorological drought to agricultural drought and hydrological drought. The KC′ was used to build a multivariable comprehensive meteorology–agriculture–hydrology drought index (MAHDI) that integrated meteorological, agricultural and hydrological drought to analyze the characteristics of a comprehensive drought evolution. The Jinta River in the inland basin of northwestern China was used as the study area. The results showed that agricultural and hydrological drought had a seasonal lag time from meteorological drought. The degree of drought in this basin was high in the northern and low in the southern regions. MAHDI proved to be acceptable in that it was consistent with historical drought records, could catch drought conditions characterized by univariate drought indexes, and capture the occurrence and end of droughts. Nevertheless, its ability to characterize mild and moderate droughts was stronger than severe droughts. In addition, the comprehensive drought conditions showed insignificant aggravating trends in spring and summer and showed insignificant alleviating trends in autumn and winter and at annual scales. The results provided theoretical support for the drought monitoring in the Jinta River basin. This method provided the possibility for drought monitoring in other watersheds lacking measured data.