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The public-private-partnership (PPP) is a new mode for the government and social capital to jointly invest in public infrastructure projects. In particular, PPP projects for new energy power construction have been strongly supported in some countries in recent years, because it can not only reduce financial pressure on the government, but also promote the development of new energy. Current scholars study the economic benefits of PPP projects for new energy power construction from a macro perspective, and they rarely study behavioral strategies of the government and social capital as a game process of project construction from a micro perspective. This paper will fill this gap. This study firstly built an evolutionary game model of the government and investors based on new energy power construction PPP projects. Secondly, taking China&rsquo ; s typical new energy power construction PPP project&ndash ; waste incineration power generation as an example, the system dynamics (SD) model was proposed to simulate the evolutionary process of game players&rsquo ; behavioral strategies. Finally, the effects of key factors in the construction of PPP project on the strategies&rsquo ; stability were studied. The results show that: (1) there is no evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) in the game system between the government and investors, and system evolution is characterized by periodic behavior. (2) When the government implements dynamic bounty measures, the system evolution process is still a closed loop with periodic motion. However, when the government implements dynamic punishment measures, there is a stable ESS in the hybrid strategy of the game system. (3) The government can increase unit fines when making dynamic strategic adjustments, which will not only promote the active cooperation of investors, but also reduce the probability of government supervision, thereby reducing costs.

Fossil fuels are the primary sources of electricity generation in Pakistan. The energy demand and supply gap have intensified recently due to the massive population and fossil fuels are unable to meet the gigantic energy requirement of the country. Meanwhile, they also have adverse environmental impacts. Remote rural regions that are far away from the national grid do not have any means to fulfill their energy needs. The off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) system has emerged to be the best energy option to electrify these remote regions. However, the strategic problem pertaining to local electricity generation is the absence of the area-specific generation capacity and economic feasibility data for solar energy. To address this problem, this study aims to assess the potential and economic viability of utilizing an off-grid solar PV system for rural electrification in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The research results reveal that there is an excellent solar irradiance in the rural areas of Punjab for electricity generation. In addition, suitable tilt angles have been calculated to increase the energy output of solar PV in the respective regions. Furthermore, this study has undertaken the economic viability for solar PV systems, and it was found that electricity generation from the solar PV costs Pakistani rupees (PKR) 7.15 per kWh and is much cheaper than conventional electricity, which costs PKR 20.7 per kWh. Besides, the system can reduce carbon emissions considerably. If 100% of the unelectrified households adopt solar PV system, then 617,020 metric tons of CO2 could be mitigated annually. Based on research findings, this study has suggested essential policy recommendations that would serve as a guideline for the government and stakeholders to maximum deploy the off-grid solar PV rural electrification programs in Punjab as well as on a national scale.

Energy generation is heavily dependent on fossil fuels in Pakistan. Due to the huge population and current progress in industrialization, these sources are not fulfilling the existing energy needs of the country. Meanwhile, they have adverse environmental impacts and are economically unsuitable to electrify remote areas. Consequently, there is a need to look for alternate energy sources. The aim of this paper is to find out the best renewable energy option for Pakistan. For this purpose, we have collected data for solar radiation and wind speed for a period of one year in four major cities of Pakistan. Results indicate that solar energy is the best renewable energy option for Pakistan in terms of price, life span, operation and maintenance cost. Key barriers have been identified over the whole solar energy spectrum through semi-structured interviews with industry professionals. And finally, important policy recommendations have been proposed for institutions and government to overcome these barriers and utilize maximum solar energy in the country.

The energy needs of India have increased many folds in recent years due to industrialization and ever-increasing population. Wind energy offers excellent opportunities in fulfilling the energy needs of the country. Being renewable, it has enormous resource potential. Since the last decade, the wind energy sector has progressed very quickly. India ranks 4th in the world in terms of installed wind capacity. The cumulative installed capacity has reached 35,288 MW, grabbing 6% global share. Meanwhile, various factors are affecting the development of the wind power industry. This paper aims to identify and analyze the critical factors that are significantly affecting the development and competitiveness of the Indian wind industry. For this purpose, we have adopted the Diamond model approach. After careful analysis, we have found that these factors are: demand condition, factor condition, chance, related and support industry, firm strategy, structure, rivalry, and government. All the factors identified in this model are influencing the wind industry's competitiveness from a different angle. Thus, these factors should be strengthened for the long-term development of the wind industry. Research findings reveal the present status, challenges, and future projections of the wind power industry. Essential policy recommendations have been offered for the sustainable development of this sector. Government and stakeholders can take benefit from this research by understanding the dynamic relationship among all the factors influencing the development of the wind power industry and make procurement strategies accordingly.