Suchergebnisse

The public-private-partnership (PPP) is a new mode for the government and social capital to jointly invest in public infrastructure projects. In particular, PPP projects for new energy power construction have been strongly supported in some countries in recent years, because it can not only reduce financial pressure on the government, but also promote the development of new energy. Current scholars study the economic benefits of PPP projects for new energy power construction from a macro perspective, and they rarely study behavioral strategies of the government and social capital as a game process of project construction from a micro perspective. This paper will fill this gap. This study firstly built an evolutionary game model of the government and investors based on new energy power construction PPP projects. Secondly, taking China&rsquo ; s typical new energy power construction PPP project&ndash ; waste incineration power generation as an example, the system dynamics (SD) model was proposed to simulate the evolutionary process of game players&rsquo ; behavioral strategies. Finally, the effects of key factors in the construction of PPP project on the strategies&rsquo ; stability were studied. The results show that: (1) there is no evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) in the game system between the government and investors, and system evolution is characterized by periodic behavior. (2) When the government implements dynamic bounty measures, the system evolution process is still a closed loop with periodic motion. However, when the government implements dynamic punishment measures, there is a stable ESS in the hybrid strategy of the game system. (3) The government can increase unit fines when making dynamic strategic adjustments, which will not only promote the active cooperation of investors, but also reduce the probability of government supervision, thereby reducing costs.

This article empirically analyses the effect of government subsidies on total factor productivity (TFP) based on the data of listed manufacturing companies in China. The results indicate that government subsidies increase total productivity directly as well as indirectly by increasing R&D investment. The positive effect of government subsidies on TFP is higher in non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs) than in state-owned enterprises (SOEs), higher in central SOEs than local SOEs and higher in enterprises with lower rather than higher TFP. Furthermore, the mediating effects of R&D decisions also differ among different enterprises. Therefore, the government should implement differentiated subsidy policies to promote enterprises' TFP.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abstract -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Symbols -- 1 Constitutive Relations of Saturated Soils: An Overview -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Compression Behavior -- 1.3 Shear Behavior -- 1.4 Stress-Dilatancy -- 1.5 Small-Strain Stiffness -- 1.6 Induced Anisotropy and Noncoaxial Properties -- 1.7 Time Dependency -- 1.8 Temperature Dependency -- 1.9 Water Chemical Composition Effect -- 1.10 Cyclic Effect -- 1.11 Grading Dependency -- 1.11.1 Grain Breakage Effect -- 1.11.2 Suffusion Effect -- 1.12 Additional Mechanical Properties of Natural Soft Soils -- 1.12.1 Inherent Anisotropy -- 1.12.2 Soil Structure and Destructuration -- 1.13 Current Difficulties in the Practice of Constitutive Modeling -- 1.14 Development of the ErosLab Modeling Platform in Practice -- 1.14.1 Introduction of the Constitutive Modeling Platform -- 1.14.2 Installation and Operating Environment -- References -- 2 Fundamentals of Stress and Strain -- Abstract -- 2.1 Hypothesis of a Continuous Medium for Soils -- 2.2 Stress Analysis -- 2.2.1 Stress State of a Point in Soil -- 2.2.2 Mean Stress and Deviatoric Stress Tensor -- 2.2.3 Principal Stress and Invariants of the Stress Tensor -- 2.2.4 Invariants of the Deviatoric Stress Tensor -- 2.2.5 Principal Stress Space and π-Plane -- 2.3 Strain Analysis -- 2.4 Stress and Strain Analyses in ErosLab -- References -- 3 Introduction of Laboratory Tests for Soils -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Oedometer Test -- 3.3 Triaxial Shear Test -- 3.4 Direct, Simple, or Ring Shear Test -- 3.5 Biaxial Shear Test -- 3.6 True Triaxial Test -- 3.7 Hollow Cylinder Torsional Shear Test -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Fundamentals of Elastoplastic Theory -- Abstract -- 4.1 Elastic Constitutive Relation -- 4.1.1 Isotropic Elasticity -- 4.1.2 Elasticity Under Undrained Conditions.

Fossil fuels are the primary sources of electricity generation in Pakistan. The energy demand and supply gap have intensified recently due to the massive population and fossil fuels are unable to meet the gigantic energy requirement of the country. Meanwhile, they also have adverse environmental impacts. Remote rural regions that are far away from the national grid do not have any means to fulfill their energy needs. The off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) system has emerged to be the best energy option to electrify these remote regions. However, the strategic problem pertaining to local electricity generation is the absence of the area-specific generation capacity and economic feasibility data for solar energy. To address this problem, this study aims to assess the potential and economic viability of utilizing an off-grid solar PV system for rural electrification in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The research results reveal that there is an excellent solar irradiance in the rural areas of Punjab for electricity generation. In addition, suitable tilt angles have been calculated to increase the energy output of solar PV in the respective regions. Furthermore, this study has undertaken the economic viability for solar PV systems, and it was found that electricity generation from the solar PV costs Pakistani rupees (PKR) 7.15 per kWh and is much cheaper than conventional electricity, which costs PKR 20.7 per kWh. Besides, the system can reduce carbon emissions considerably. If 100% of the unelectrified households adopt solar PV system, then 617,020 metric tons of CO2 could be mitigated annually. Based on research findings, this study has suggested essential policy recommendations that would serve as a guideline for the government and stakeholders to maximum deploy the off-grid solar PV rural electrification programs in Punjab as well as on a national scale.

During the process of international economic integration, the labor issue plays a vital, urgent, and long-term role in the sustainable development of the economy. The impact of employment on a country's investment decisions is significant. The material underpinning of a nation's socio-economic growth is its transport infrastructure. The impact of infrastructure upgrades on employment in Vietnam's economic sectors is the focus of this article. Furthermore, the study investigates whether the Vietnamese government's annual investment in infrastructure development benefits employees as projected (using data from the Vietnam General Statistics Office (VNGSO) for 19 economic sectors from 2005 to 2019). The results of the System Generalized Method of Moments (System-GMM) show that improving the quality of transport infrastructure can significantly increase employment rates in different sectors. The data show that transport infrastructure plays a key role in ensuring smooth connectivity of the entire national, regional and local economies. It reduces transport costs and facilitates the mobility of workers.JEL Classification J8; L91; O18

Abstract
This article uses the Dimensions of Urban Energy Transitions (DUET) framework to analyse energy transitions in two Chinese cities at different development stages and provide insights into the mechanisms underlying decarbonised industrialisation. The results show that a 'green' coalition between industrial actors and local governments is critical to the initiation and scale-up of low-carbon innovations that provide strong endogenous incentives for proactive transitions. The study unveils the relevance of technology-specific characteristics and the potential countering effect of urban politics in shaping the outcomes of energy transitions, adding both nuance and depth to the DUET framework.