Suchergebnisse

Introduction. The purpose of this article is to highlight the features of daily life in cities of rearguard during World War II (as exemplified by Alma-Ata), the strategy of survival of people in the extremely difficult war years (1941–1945).

Methods and materials. The study of features of daily city life in the extreme wartime from the point of view of the systematic approach is a basis for analytical generalizations and scientific hierarchization of the collected historical material. The system method is inextricably linked with the macro-and micro-approach, the combination of which allows to reveal the general and the particular in the studied processes, both from the point of view of the state-institutional view – "from above" and from the point of view of their ordinary participants and witnesses – "from below". The micro-level of the research allows to study the problem in different projections: economic, political, socio-cultural one, helps to show the humanitarian dimension of the city daily life in wartime. Using the multifaceted approach to the formation of the research source base, introducing new declassified archival documents into scientific circulation allows to restore the daily life of Alma-Ata during the Great Patriotic War, to approach its objective and multidimensional understanding. As the main group of sources the authors use documents extracted from the archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in particular, the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Almaty) (CSA RK), the National archive of Kazakhstan (Astana) (NA RK).

Analysis and Results. The result of the research is a demonstration of the daily life of ordinary citizens who bravely endured all the hardships of war both at work and at home, in the family, helping fellow citizens who were evacuated to the city during the war.

The thirty years of Kazakhstan's independence have been characterized by rapid growth of trade and economic cooperation with China, one of the world's largest economies, which has steadily increased its presence in the region. Based on statistics published by the General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China and the National Bank of Kazakhstan, legal and regulatory documents of the two countries and reports by international organizations, this article examines the specific features and further prospects of bilateral cooperation between China and Kazakhstan in the field of trade, investment, and energy, as well as in implementing integration projects. The authors have identified the main stages of interaction between the two countries, the problems they encounter, and the opportunities for trade and economic cooperation, which has developed rapidly since the turn of the century. Objectively, this process is mutually beneficial for both sides, especially in the sphere of energy, promotion of infrastructure projects, establishment of joint ventures, and other long-term plans. However, despite the positive dynamics of this process, the article identifies a number of negative phenomena in trade and economic relations. Overall, trade declined because of the drop in oil prices and the resultant weakening of Kazakhstan's national currency tenge, since oil is the basis of the country's exports. At the same time, when trade indicators began to improve after 2017, some negative phenomena were still in evidence. They were primarily due to the consequences of the pandemic, an increase in Sinophobia, and Kazakhstan's participation in new regional projects, such as the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). In the authors' opinion, investment specifics and trade asymmetry are the main areas where both parties should adjust their approaches in order to tap the full potential of cooperation in these sectors.

Introduction. The functioning of the social infrastructure of industrial enterprises of the Soviet rear is of research interest to understand the sources of the victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War. Methods and Materials. The source base of the study is represented by documents from the central and local archives of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan, most of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In the course of the study, a modernization methodological approach was applied, historical-comparative and historical-genetic research methods were used. Analysis. The article deals with management mechanisms and characterizes the objects of social infrastructure of industrial enterprises of the military complex of the USSR with the example of defense enterprises of such front and rear regions as Stalingrad, Chelyabinsk region and Kazakhstan with regard to the period 1941–1945. The difficulties of functioning of working hostels, health centers, nurseries, canteens, subsidiary farms, caused by extreme conditions of wartime and a general lack of material and financial resources, are shown. Results. During the analysis, it was possible to establish regional differences in the activities of social infrastructure facilities, violations of the principle of social justice and unsatisfactory quality of social services provided were noted. Using the example of three regions of the USSR, the conclusion is made about the importance of social policy at industrial enterprises for improving production discipline and the survival of workers. Authors' contribution. M.N. Potemkina analyzed the documents of the Joint State Archive of the Chelyabinsk region, developed the methodological foundations of the study, formulated the main results; R.S. Zharkynbayeva analyzed archival sources from the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which allowed to determine the regional features of the social infrastructure of industrial enterprises. E.V. Anufrieva participated in identifying documents from the archives of the Volgograd region and writing the final text.