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After the past twenty years of reform in China's public institutions, the existing problems and disadvantages have been eased, but the deeply-seated problems remain unresolved. And since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, the classification reform of public institutions has been held to a new height, which has received the attention of local governments. As a result, Chongqing conducted a series of reforms on the classification of public institutions, but there are many problems to be solved, and these problems have hindered the progress of the classification of Chongqing's public institutions.

AbstractIn reliability engineering, the concept of minimal repair describes that the repair brings the failed unit (eg, system or component) to the situation which is same as it was just before the failure. With the help of the well‐known Gamma‐Poisson relationship, this paper investigates optimal allocation strategies of minimal repairs for parallel and series systems through implementing stochastic comparisons of various allocation policies in terms of the hazard rate, the reversed hazard rate, and the likelihood ratio orderings. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate these findings as well. These results not only strengthen and generalize some known ones in the seminal work of Shaked and Shanthikumar, but also solve the open problems proposed by Chahkandi et al.'s study and Arriaza et al.'s study.

AbstractIn engineering applications, many reliability systems can be modeled as k‐out‐of‐n systems with components having random weights. Before putting such kind of system into a working state, it is of great significance for a system designer to find out the optimal assembly of the random weights to the components. In this article, we investigate the performance levels of k‐out‐of‐n systems with random weights. Optimal assembly policies are obtained by maximizing the total capacity according to different criteria, including the usual stochastic order, the increasing convex [concave] order, and the expectation order. Based on the optimal assembly strategy derived by maximizing the expected total capacity, we further investigate stochastic properties of the resulting weighted system with respect to the vector of expectations of random weights. Numerical examples are provided to highlight our theoretical findings as well.

In 2020, President Xi Jinping put forward a constructing cycle that has been given priority in this study. This particular cycle, when considered within the inner loop and outer loop, promotes the guiding ideology of the new development pattern of the binary economy that exists in recent times. Therefore, to gauge the extent of the promotion of domestic production and consumption, from the perspectives of medical expenses, this study refers to the bootstrap rolling window causality method, which considers the evidence-based medical spending on the consumption Granger causality. The results show that the Granger causality exists between medical expenditure and consumption expenditure at different time interval endpoints. In contrast, however, the variable of consumption does not produce Granger causality between medical expenditure and consumption. In this regard, a series of measures, such as increasing medical insurance expenditure, improvement of the medical insurance system, reduction of the housing price rise, and increasing government investment have been proposed to promote the development of the domestic circular economy.

AbstractTaking repair action has proven to be an effective and flexible way to maintain the proper functioning of reliability systems. As a generalization of the minimal repair policy, the relevation is one of models for describing the repair effect. However, there are few studies in the literature dealing with the optimal allocation problem of repair resources to coherent systems because of their complex distribution theory. In this study, we tackle the allocation problem of a single relevation resource for coherent systems. Sufficient conditions based on the orderings among components lifetimes and repair effects are established for improving the system reliability by distinguishing the structural relationships of the minimal path/cut sets, which answer the problems proposed by Belzunce et al. Several numerical examples are also presented to illustrate the main results.

AbstractThe present study aimed to use the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to forecast foodborne disease incidence in Shenzhen city and help guide efforts to prevent foodborne disease. The data of foodborne diseases in Shenzhen comes from the infectious diarrhea surveillance network, community foodborne disease surveillance network, and student foodborne disease surveillance network. The incidence data from January 2012 to December 2017 was used for the model-constructing, while the data from January 2018 to December 2018 was used for the model-validating. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was used to assess the performance of the model. The monthly foodborne disease incidence from January 2012 to December 2017 in Shenzhen was between 954 and 32,863 with an incidence rate between 4.77 and 164.32/100,000 inhabitants. The ARIMA (1,1,0) was an adequate model for the change in monthly foodborne disease incidence series, yielding a MAPE of 5.34%. The mathematical formula of the ARIMA (1,1,0) model was (1 − B) × log(incidencet) = 0.04338 + εt/(1 + 0.51106B). The predicted foodborne disease incidences in the next three years were 635,751, 1,069,993, 1,800,838, respectively. Monthly foodborne disease incidence in Shenzhen were shown to follow the ARIMA (1,1,0) model. This model can be considered adequate for predicting future foodborne disease incidence in Shenzhen and can aid in the decision-making processes.

Which bystanders will confront racist, misogynist, personal attacks in news comment sections? This article applies sociological concepts of deviance and social control to categorize efforts to moderate online news comments. Three dimensions of social control are theorized: affirming and sanctioning social control, formal and informal social control, and direct and indirect social control. Particular focus is on indirect informal social control (i.e. rating and reporting of news comments) in order to examine which users are likely to intervene to maintain social order. An analysis of secondary data from a survey of online news users found that demographics play an important role—younger, wealthier, White, males are most likely to report abusive comments. Trust in the news media and authoritarian personality traits also significantly predicted bystander intervention. Theoretical implications for the role of social control in enforcing social norms in news comment spaces and for professional comment moderation are discussed.