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This article adopts an interactionist approach to examine the normative features and the everyday reproduction of commonsense knowledge regarding race and racism in social interaction among Asian members. Specifically, applying conversation analysis and membership categorization analysis to forum interactions in online Asian American communities, I focus on the interactional phenomenon where recipients of a racism report, in responding to the report, make relevant the perpetrator(s)' race that is not identified in the report. I identify three sets of practices adopted by members: (1) directly assuming the perpetrator(s)' race, (2) asking about the perpetrator(s)' race, and (3) implicating the perpetrator(s)' race through telling second stories. I show that members' patterned practices point to their orientations toward a normative expectation that "Whites" are the perpetrators of anti-Asian racism and a common assumption that perpetrator(s)' race matters when making sense of anti-Asian racism. However, such proposed racial common sense can be contested by coparticipants. I demonstrate that commonsense knowledge regarding race and racism is normatively and morally organized so that disagreements and contestations over the use of such knowledge are often treated by participants as arising from normative/moral breaches. Implications on studies on racism and relative positioning of racial groups in the contemporary U.S. context are also discussed.

Analyzing a thread of online interaction, I apply conversation analysis and discursive psychology methods to explicate how experiences of racism are reported and contested by participants in interaction. The person reporting their experience of racism (the reporter) applies commonsense knowledge to assess the perpetrator's racist intent. Recipients of the report contest the reporter's rights to assess the perpetrator's intent while managing their lack of independent access to the reported encounter. In milder contestations, they cast doubt while avoiding assessing the situation themselves, which leads to negotiations over the accusation without contesting the correctness of the reporter's assessment. In aggravated contestations, recipients explicitly contest the reporter's assessment of the perpetrator, which leads to interactional breakdowns where moral culpabilities of both sides are implicated. Implications for understanding the moral difficulties involved in accusing racism, the interactional contingencies involved in responding to and contesting such accusations, and members' understandings of racism are discussed.

This study examines interviewers' practices in managing conflicting institutional expectations of neutrality and rapport in interview interaction which are complicated by the normative expectation of antiracism. By applying conversation analysis and membership categorization analysis to sequences of interaction after interviewees' possibly racist talk, we demonstrate that the interviewer deploys various interactional resources to orient to antiracism, while maintaining a neutralistic stance and sustaining rapport with interviewees. The interviewer's orientation towards antiracism becomes more explicit as the interactions unfold. We argue that these practices are both constrained and enabled by the unique institutional features of qualitative interviews. Implications for research on race using interview data are also discussed.

AbstractAlmost all creatinine is excreted by the kidney in individuals. Serum creatinine concentration, a widely used renal function index in clinical practice, can be affected by both genetic and environmental factors, as evidenced by current research exploring the relationship between these factors and kidney function. However, few studies have explored the heritability of serum creatinine in Asian populations. Therefore, we explored the genetic and environmental factors that affect the serum creatinine level in Asian populations. Participants in this study came from the Qingdao Twin Registry in China, and 374 pairs of twins were included, of which 139 pairs were dizygotic twins, whose ages ranged from 40 to 80 years old, and the serum creatinine level ranged from 10 to 126 μmol/L. Structural equation models were constructed using Mx software to calculate heritability, with adjusted covariates being age, sex, and body mass index. The results of heritability analysis showed that ACE was the best fit model. Serum creatinine level is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The result of heritability was 35.44%, and the influence of shared environmental factors accounted for 52.13%. This study provided the relevant basis for future research on genetic and environmental factors affecting serum creatinine levels in Asian populations.

AbstractAn abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level is predictive of disease and all-cause mortality and may indicate liver injury. Using twin modeling, the genetic and environmental factors that affect human serum ALT levels have been well studied for the populations in the different countries, and the results showed moderate-to-high heritability. However, the heritability of ALT level has not been explored in Chinese population. Thus, we recruited 369 pairs of twins (233 monozygotic and 136 dizygotic) from the Qingdao Twin Registry in China with a median age of 50 years (40−80 years). Correlation analysis and a structural equation model (SEM) were conducted to evaluate the heritability of ALT level. The data for age, gender, body mass index and alcohol consumption were set as covariates. Intrapair correlation in monozygotic twins was 0.64 (95%CI [.56, .71]) and 0.42 (95% CI [.28, .55]) in dizygotic twins. The SEM analysis indicated that 65% (95% CI [57%, 71%]) of the variation in ALT levels can be explained by additive genetics and 35% (95% CI [29%, 44%]) of the variation is attributed to unique environmental factors or residuals. Shared environmental influences were not significant. In conclusion, serum ALT variations exhibited strong genetic effects. The variation could also be explained by unique environmental factors. However, shared environmental factors have a minor impact on the serum ALT level.