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The article examines the history of the study of special linguistic units of the Chinese language -phraseological units. From the point of view of the intensity and features of the study of phraseological units in different periods, three stages can be distinguished: initial, developing and developed. Knowledge of the history of the study of phraseological units of the Chinese language helps Sinologists and foreign students to understand better these linguistic elements, their etymology, semantics and application, and thereby the national and cultural characteristics of China reflected in phraseological units.

The article provides historical and comparative analysis of similes in Russian and Chinese languages, that determines the novelty of this research. The history of similes' study of two languages is being researched, similarities in the trends of similes' study in Russian and Chinese are revealed. The directions of research are moving from structural-semantic to comparative, linguo-culturological, lexicographic, and other methods.

The article presents a conceptual understanding of the development and formation of the concept of "medicine" in Russian and Chinese linguistic cultures. The concepts of both languages include terminological, idiomatic and other units. Compared with Russian, Chinese medicine has a broader conceptual content. The study concluded that the concept of "medicine" is understood as a multidimensional mental education reflecting linguistic and cultural ideas about healthcare.

Rapid and effective hemostasis is of great importance to improve the quality of treatment and save lives in emergency, surgical practice, civilian, and military settings. Traditional hemostatic materials such as tourniquets, gauze, bandages, and sponges have shown limited efficacy in the management of uncontrollable bleeding, resulting in widespread interest in the development of novel hemostatic materials and techniques. Benefiting from biocompatibility, degradability, injectability, tunable mechanical properties, and potential abilities to promote coagulation, wound healing, and anti-infection, hydrogel-based biomaterials, especially those on the basis of natural polysaccharides and proteins, have been increasingly explored in preclinical studies over the past few years. Despite the exciting research progress and initial commercial development of several hemostatic hydrogels, there is still a significant distance from the desired hemostatic effect applicable to clinical treatment. In this review, after elucidating the process of biological hemostasis, the latest progress of hydrogel biomaterials engineered from natural polysaccharides and proteins for hemostasis is discussed on the basis of comprehensive literature review. We have focused on the preparation strategies, physicochemical properties, hemostatic and wound-healing abilities of these novel biomaterials, and highlighted the challenges that needed to be addressed to achieve the transformation of laboratory research into clinical practice, and finally presented future research directions in this area.