Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the study of the current state of integration of the Union State in the context of the modern transformation of the world order. The article identifies the reasons for the rapprochement between Russia and Belarus which made it possible to create and develop the integration project. Despite the objective difficulties, the two states have been successfully developing joint economic projects for a long time. Special attention is paid to the identification of external factors affecting the development of the Union State. Since the creation of the Union State western countries have pursued a policy aimed at weakening the potential of the integration association. The article examines the last years of the Union State's activity, reveals the impact of sanctions pressure on Russia and Belarus, and analyzes the steps taken by the leaders of the two countries to further develop the integration project.

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This paper considers the issue of the evolution of the regulatory framework for the functioning of regional parliaments in the modern history of the Russian Federation. Regional legislative assemblies (legislatures) are an important political institution in the development of Russian federalism. The problem of the formation of regional legislative assemblies and the definition of a clear regulatory framework for functioning are noted. The materials of the article are based on the study of regulations that implement the provisions of the federal law of October 6, 1999, Federal Law No. 184 "On the general principles for the implementation of legislative and executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation."

1. Early modern English merchant colonies : contexts and functions / Jan Willem Veluwenkamp and Joost Veenstra -- 2. German and Italian merchant colonies in early modern England / Beverly A. Dougherty -- 3. Dynamism and integration of the north European merchant communities in French ports in the eighteenth century / Pierrick Pourchasse -- 4. Opportunity and legislation : how the Armenians entered trade in three Mediterranean ports / Ina Baghdiantz McCabe -- 8. Russian merchant colonies in seventeenth-century Sweden / Jarmo Kotilaine -- 6. Foreign merchant communities in eighteenth-century Russia / Victor N. Zakharov -- 7. Greek merchant colonies in central and south-eastern Europe in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries / Olga Katsiardi-Hering -- 8. Community for commerce : an introduction to the Nezhin Greek Brotherhood focusing on its establishment as a formal institution in the years between 1692 and 1710 / Iannis Carras -- 9. Entrepreneurship at the Russian frontier of international trade. The Greek merchant community/Paroikia of Taganrog in the Sea of Azov, 1780s-1830s / Evrydiki Sifneos and Gelina Harlaftis.

Merchant colonies were a significant factor for economic growth in Europe during the early modern period. The essays in this collection look at merchant colonies across Europe, assessing their function, legal status, interaction with local traders and assimilation into their host countries

The scalable production of homogeneous, uniform carbon nanomaterials represents a key synthetic challenge for contemporary organic synthesis as nearly all current fabrication methods provide heterogeneous mixtures of various carbonized products. For carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in particular, the inability to access structures with specific diameters or chiralities severely limits their potential applications. Here, we present a general approach to access solid-state CNT mimic structures via the self-assembly of fluorinated nanohoops, which can be synthesized in a scalable, size-selective fashion. X-ray crystallography reveals that these CNT mimics exhibit uniform channel diameters that are precisely defined by the diameter of their nanohoop constituents, which self-assemble in a tubular fashion via a combination of arene-pefluoroarene and C–H—F interactions. The nanotube-like assembly of these systems results in capabilities such as linear guest alignment and accessible channels, both of which are observed in CNTs but not in the analogous all-hydrocarbon nanohoop systems. Calculations suggest that the organofluorine interactions observed in the crystal structure are indeed critical in the self-assembly and robustness of the CNT mimic systems. This work establishes the self-assembly of carbon nanohoops via weak interactions as an attractive means to generate solid-state materials that mimic carbon nanotubes, importantly with the unparalleled tunability enabled by organic synthesis. ; The synthesis and structural analysis of 2 and 3 were supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant numbers CHE-1808791 and CHE-1800586. A.J.P.J. and J.C.S.G. acknowledge the project AICO/2018/175 from the Regional Government (GVA/FSE).