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Indeed, this article focus on one of speech of Malcolm X related to political thought and idea that how to throw away the prejudice and racial discrimination of white people, so whites could live as equal as black in the United States. Malcolm mentioned that under the control of white hegemony, and also because black people had not given their liberation from whites, it was true if blacks legalized their actions (by necessary means) in getting their rights. They legalized whatever means to throw away the white racism for reaching their freedom, and whatever means will do in getting the goal. That's the Malcolm, by necessary means come into the struggle for gaining black's liberation, equality, and human justice in the United States. The final tendentious action of Malcolm is to come into political action; he tended to get the political ways rather than separation in solving the race problem in the United States. For Malcolm, integration and fight for getting the rights of vote was the moderate ways in gaining the black common humanity (freedom, equality, and human justice) because they were supported by the principles of Charter of the United Nation, the Universal Declaration of Human rights, and the Constitutional of the U.S.A. This article was conducted by interdisciplinary approaches; historical, sociological, political, biographical and literary approaching.

DOI:10.17014/ijog.v5i2.95Scientists, governments, employers, and communities have the same view on landslide disasters, that is the need to cut losses and to avoid loss of men. To deal with landslide disasters, an understanding of an area is required, especially for mitigation ( limitations and stabilization). To handle the slope - prone to landslides, an integrated approach is needed. A stabilization and integrated design (Starlet model) is a proposal in the handling landslide - prone slopes the integration among: (1) mapping system, (2) slope stability analysis, (3) simulation design of stable slope, and (4) guidance with environmental management along with monitoring. In addition, this also requires the participation of scientists, government officials, communities, and employers in facing these avalanche disasters. Citatah landslides formed a system with the largest to the smallest sizes that is a unity. The landslide in the western part of Pasir Pabeasan (Pasir Pabeasan - Citatah) is a complex one with the type of lateral spread. There are other landslides in the surrounding area, i.e: rock fall, rock toppling, slump, debris slide, and slide. The landslide shows the system and dimensions of landslide from the smallest to the largest one. Slopes in 22.29o to 44.28o should be noted because in general they are critical. They need stabilizations. Landslide area mapping system should consider the genetic region. A terrain genetic map will show areas of terrain genetic unit (TGU) which strongly supports the zoning maps of land movements. Based on terraingenetic unit (TGU), the Citatah landslides are common at symbol TGU 2331, 2232, locations between 2231 and 2331, locations between 2232 and 2331, and locations between 2233 and 2331, around the intersection of two faults (Cimandiri thrust fault cut by dextral strike - slip fault).

In government, the challenges of governance and anti-corruption are exacerbated by accounting not being fit for purpose. In developing countries, many governments adopt accrual accounting as a panacea. Drawing on Goffman's frame analysis, and rhetorical appeals to logic, credibility and emotion, this paper examines the adoption of accrual accounting in Malaysia. It was found accrual accounting has potential for keying governance and anti-corruption. However, rhetorical appeals that attempt to legitimate neo-liberalism and engender public support in the name of progress were hindered by perceptions of endemic corruption and relatively weak democratic institutions of 'good' governance common to developing countries.

This paper examines internal auditor roles to support public governance in a developing country context, through interviews with chief audit executives across 17 Malaysian Local Government Authorities. Drawing on critical theory, the research shows that internal auditors seek to legitimise their position through compliance (watchdog) and performance (helper and protector) audits. At the micro level of practices, in performing these dual roles, internal auditors are not colonised by governance rules and managerial influence, but instead are enabled by them to perform communicative action. Nevertheless, this was undermined by financial and managerial capacity issues that are a challenge in developing countries.

Although excessive transparency and accountability demands can have a counterproductive effect on organisational performance (Bovens, 2005), longstanding hierarchical accountability structures to ensure financial conformance in English local government continue to endure. Interestingly however, the previously top-down regime for performance accountability in English local government has been replaced by bottom-up mechanisms such as greater transparency and a more open market for public services. Using the framework developed by Hood (2010), this paper will show how such reforms mean that transparency and accountability are moving from being 'matching parts' to an 'awkward couple', and how this has significant implications for public services.

This article highlights how recent reforms to the auditing and assessment of local public services in England suggest there will be a shift from panoptical to 'synoptical' monitoring approaches. This is because the UK Government has abolished its centralised monitoring regime and instead required local authorities to publish a range of financial and performance datasets online, ostensibly so that citizens can hold organisations to account directly. However, the complexity and raw nature of these data, along with the sidelining of professional auditors, will result in most citizens being either unable or unwilling to undertake this task. As such, the proposed 'synoptical' approach will not materialise. Indeed, other legislative changes will mean that outsourcing firms effectively become the new, unaccountable observers of local public sector bodies within an enduring panoptical system. In many cases these companies will then assume responsibility for delivering the same services that they have assessed.

The increasing in interest of wearable antenna for military, sport, and medical applications may replace the uses of wired-communication network to wireless and wearable network. . In this paper, three shapes of the antennas which resonate at 2.4GHz and 5.2 GHz have been designed using jeans with the permittivity constant of 1.7 as the dielectric. The mutual coupling of the array antenna for the various shapes has been analyzed in H-plane and E-plane configuration respectively. The mutual coupling for the antenna in E-plane configuration has shown more sensitive toward the variation of distance between the elements, with compared to the elements in H-plane arrangement

Background: Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods: This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings: Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16-30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77-0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50-0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80-0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54-0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation: Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services.