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Abstract Early life stunting may have long-term effects on body composition, resulting in obesity-related comorbidities. We tested the hypothesis that individuals stunted in early childhood may be at higher cardiometabolic risk later in adulthood. 1753 men and 1781 women participating in the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study had measurements of anthropometry, body composition, lipids, glucose, blood pressure, and other cardiometabolic traits at age 30 years. Early stunting was defined as height-for-age Z-score at age 2 years below -2 against the World Health Organization growth standards. Linear regression models were performed controlling for sex, maternal race/ethnicity, family income at birth, and birthweight. Analyses were stratified by sex when p-interaction<0.05. Stunted individuals were shorter (β=-0.71 s.d.; 95% CI: -0.78 to -0.64), had lower BMI (β=-0.14 s.d.; 95%CI: -0.25 to -0.03), fat mass (β=-0.28 s.d.; 95%CI: -0.38 to -0.17), SAFT (β=-0.16 s.d.; 95%CI: -0.26 to -0.06), systolic (β=-0.12 s.d.; 95%CI: -0.21 to -0.02) and diastolic blood pressure (β=-0.11 s.d.; 95%CI: -0.22 to -0.01), and higher VFT/SAFT ratio (β=0.15 s.d.; 95%CI: 0.06 to 0.24), in comparison with non-stunted individuals. In addition, early stunting was associated with lower fat free mass in both men (β=-0.39 s.d.; 95%CI: -0.47 to -0.31) and women (β=-0.37 s.d.; 95%CI: -0.46 to -0.29) after adjustment for potential confounders. Our results suggest that early stunting has implications on attained height, body composition and blood pressure. The apparent tendency of stunted individuals to accumulate less fat-free mass and subcutaneous fat might predispose them towards increased metabolic risks in later life. ; The last phase of the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study was supported by the Wellcome Trust and the Fundação de Aparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil (Edital 04/2012 – PQG; Processo 12/2185-9). Earlier phases were funded by the International Development Research Centre (Canada), the WHO (Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development and Human Reproduction Programme) to BLH, the Overseas Development Administration (currently the Department for International Development, United Kingdom), the European Union, the United Nations Development Fund for Women, the National Program for Centres of Excellence, the Pastorate of the Child (Brazil), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq; Brazil), and the Ministry of Health (Brazil). GVAF was supported by the Brazilian Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (scholarship process BEX 5077/13-3). EDLR and KKO are supported by the Medical Research Council [Unit Programme number MC_UU_12015/2]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.