Suchergebnisse

Initially, metalworking can be quite reliable because, besides its substantial contribution to the economic progress of the local population, it has also absorbed a very substantial proportion of labor force, both local and from other districts. From the onset of the current economic crisis, metalworking has experienced a tremendous decline. This has been mainly due to the high production cost, which can not be compensated by the low selling price. The undesirable consequence of this trend is that many entrepreneurs have been forced out of business, hence, stopped production. The few who have persisted in business must really strain themselves for the sake of business survival. Their effort is mainly to keep the production cost as low as possible. This can be achieved by reducing the quantity of raw materials used, closer and tighter monitoring of the production process, and changing the system of paying workers. Although these efforts have been applied, the limited number of orders that they receive has forced most of the entrepreneurs to suspend production. There is therefore, an urgent need to seek alternative solutions to this pressing problem.

The number of norplant users had increased over time, the problem was that many women use norplant incorrectly. Some of them used it longer than five years without removal and some other women used double norplant. Also, there were some women who used one set of norplant with more or less than 6 norplant matchsticks as required. These problems would certainly bring negative effects on women's health and, in turn, their economic condition. At national level, the large number of misusers would cause a failure of the family planning program.Non-compliance behavior among norplant users was caused by many factors. Poor quality of care, especially providers' incompetence, inadequate information, and inadequate mechanisms to encourage continuity were found as major causes. The clients themselves had a contribution in the misuse of norplant. The clients had their own beliefs about health and sickness and they also tend to be influenced by the behavior of their neighbors who were misusing norplant. The clients awareness about the importance of information was also very low and It caused the lack of knowledge about the arrangements of using norplant.

This study is conducted in three provinces, West Java, South Sulawesi and West Nusa Tenggara, which represent different cultural background, using secondary data namely marital verification forms (MVF). From methodological point of view this study finds that MVF can be used as data sources in analysing age of marriage inspiteof using population census or national surveys.The result of previous studies have not been confirmed by this study. Mean age at first marriage in West Java is not the lowest, but is West Nusa Tenggara. In addition South Sulawesi is always the highest. Cultural backgrounds such as dowery in South Sulawesi which is the highest among the provinces and the tradition of delopement in West Nusa Tenggara are very important in explaining the variation of age at first marriage. However education has also an important role as independent variable for age at first marriage.

This study examines the household economy, income distribution, extent of poverty, and factors that determine the poverty level of two villages in Central Java and Yogyakarta. By using data from household and industry surveys, this study found that lack of employment opportunities in the agriculturalsector hasforced many rural workers looking for non-farm employment, both in rural and urban areas. Rural non-farm activities, especially rural industries, have a positive impact in reducing poverty both in less developed and indeveloped villages. As can be expected this study also found that poverty is more common in less developed than developed areas. However, inequality in income distribution is more pronounced in developed villages. This means that poverty and income distribution are quite different problems. Accordingly, solutions to these problems have to be different.