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A crisis often presents an opportunity for policy shift and a time to get ahead of the competition. But for the Gulf Arab states, the twin crises of the Covid-19 pandemic and the collapse of oil prices in 2020 have accelerated trends already underway to differentiate their economic policies and force more aggressive responses to demands for job creation and market liberalization. The Covid-19 pandemic has called upon states to intervene and support domestic economies, making the competing priorities of shrinking public sector payrolls and stimulating domestic demand all the more difficult. What emerges are trade-offs that reveal leadership priorities, targeted support, and important distinctions within the ever-weakening body of the GCC on a range of policies from immigration, labor markets, fiscal programs and taxes, to monetary policy.

Saudi Arabia must place its citizens firmly in the center of its transformation, so that employment, productivity, and local demand determine the direction of the economy.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Employee Ownership: Performance, Prospects, and Promise / Rosen, Corey -- 2. Employee Stock Ownership Plans in the United States / McWhirter, Darien A. -- 3. Non-ESOP Alternatives / Steiner, Sue -- 4. Theory O: The Ownership Theory of Management / Young, Karen M. -- 5. Employee Ownership and Community Economic Development / Segarra, Lauren -- 6. Stock Ownership Plans Abroad / Durso, Gianna / Rothblatt, Raul -- 7. Conclusion: What Next? / Young, Karen M. / Rosen, Corey -- A Primer on Business / Rosen, Corey -- Resource Guide -- Notes -- About the Authors -- Index