Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Chronology of Dynasties -- Introduction -- 1. Han Yu, the Annals, and the Origins of Ethnicized Orthodoxy -- 2. Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, and the Debate over Buddhism and Barbarism -- 3. Ethnocentric Moralism in Two Late Tang Essays -- 4. Ethnicized Orthodoxy in the Northern Song Guwen Revival -- 5. Ideas of Barbarization in Eleventh-Century Annals Exegesis -- 6. Chineseness and Barbarism in Early Daoxue Philosophy -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.
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By analyzing examples ranging from the Sui-Tang transition to the An Lushan Rebellion, I argue that in a practice known as "letting the troops loose," Tang generals frequently rewarded their officers and soldiers (and themselves) for a victory with the freedom to seize the wives, children, and property of the defeated with impunity, and to kill any who resisted. Attempts to censure or prosecute the generals responsible were rare and usually overruled, because military morale was seen as a higher priority than discipline or humaneness. Tang generals were also authorized to massacre surrendered enemy soldiers and conquered civilians for a range of strategic purposes. Moreover, taking slaves from a defeated population was a common prerogative among generals and officers even when an army was not "let loose." When generals refrained from pillage, massacres, and enslavement, therefore, this was usually for reasons that were pragmatic and strategic, not moral or legal.
This dissertation proposes a new framework for understanding changing Chinese ideas about barbarians (Yi-Di) and barbarism during the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1276) periods. Much previous scholarship has drawn a sharp contrast between what is characterized as a "cosmopolitan" early Tang period (618-755) and the growing xenophobic ethnocentrism ascribed to the late Tang (756-907) and Song periods. I argue that this view underestimates the importance of ethnocentric tropes in early Tang political rhetoric and also overlooks the emergence of a new and arguably less ethnocentric interpretation of the classical Chinese-barbarian dichotomy in the late Tang and Song. This new interpretation originated as a rhetorical trope in the ninth century before developing into a true philosophical concept in the eleventh, the key figures in this process being the polemicist Han Yu (768-824) and the Daoxue moral philosophers (or "Neo-Confucians"). The new interpretation of the Chinese-barbarian dichotomy was characterized by a fluid, shifting boundary between Chineseness and barbarism, predicated on Classicist ("Confucian") moral standards rather than ethnic, racial, or geopolitical boundaries. Modern historians have termed this interpretation of Chinese identity as "culturalism," on the assumption that it was centered on "culture" instead of "race," and have followed Han Yu and the Daoxue philosophers in identifying Confucius himself as its originator. My dissertation revises this picture by demonstrating that the so-called "culturalist" interpretation was the product of a new discourse on ideological orthodoxy and morality that involved representing any deviation from Classicist values as a descent into barbarism. The core of this new discourse was thus an attempt at making Classicist ideology and morality (not "culture" per se) essential to the definition of Chinese ethnic identity, but its users also generally chose not to undermine their ethnic identities by acknowledging the possibility that barbarians could become Chinese by becoming good Classicists. The resulting tension or dilemma between moralistic and ethnocentric understandings of barbarism remained unresolved until the Mongol conquest of the Southern Song (1127-1276) led to the ethnocentric understanding's temporary eclipse.
Background: In order to protect the rights of the mentally ill, legislation on the standards and procedures of compulsory detention has been made at the local and national level in China. Aims: This study aims to examine psychiatrists' attitudes towards seeking involuntary admission in mainland China. Method: Three hundred and fourteen (314) qualified members of the Chinese Psychiatrist Association (CPA) were surveyed using a questionnaire to assess their attitudes about the procedure of involuntary admission to mental hospitals. Data were analysed using χ2 and logistic regression. Results: Some psychiatrists in the CPA had several arbitrary attitudes towards the process of admission. Females, aged under 35, with a low education level and a low position in the institution showed stricter attitudes in the procedure of involuntary admission. Areas with mental health legislation showed significant positive relationships with stricter attitudes. Conclusions: Every effort needs to be made to minimize these arbitrary attitudes to prevent potential negative outcomes. There is still a long way to go in protecting the rights of people diagnosed with mental illness.
ABSTRACTUsing an expanded shift share technique to impute international trade‐related industrial job change, the extent to which structural changes in trade and defense spending appear to explain state economic performance differentials is explored. The findings show there is limited support for the "trade perimeter" argument, but strong support for the hypothesized relationship between military procurement spending and state trade performance. To the extent that defense commitments, especially to private sector procurement and R & D, have operated as an informal industrial policy, particularly by guaranteeing strong domestic sales, they have enabled a significant number of states peripheral to the traditional industrial heartland to build a strong international trade posture. The conclusion offers observations on the economic development implications of these findings.
In: ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing: official publication of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS), Band 176, S. 69-82
Background: The 'risk criterion' for involuntary admission (IA) has been adopted by Mental Health Law of the People's Republic of China since 2013. How the new legal regulation influences daily practices in psychiatric institutes are still unclear. Aims: The present study sought to explore the application of risk criterion in IA cases; especially risk assessed by psychiatrists at admission and its influencing factors. Method: Socio-demographic and clinical data including risk assessment for admission of 3,529 involuntary admitted patients from two typical hospitals in Shanghai from 2013 to 2014 were consecutively collected. Personal information of psychiatrists who made admission assessment was collected separately. Results: Among the 3,529 cases, 1,890 (53.6%) were admitted because of actual harmful behaviors to self or others, while 1,639 (46.4%) were admitted with some kinds of risk, but 265 (7.5%) were admitted without any records on risk assessment checklists. Patients who were unemployed, of younger age, single status, diagnosed with schizophrenia were more likely to be admitted without any records on the checklist. Male gender, older age, and lower professional title are influencing factors that psychiatrists made no risk assessment records. Conclusions: The vast majority (92.5%) of risk assessment in IA patients were qualified in our study. In order to protect the legal rights of patients better, operational and reasonable procedures of risk assessment should be developed, such include more detailed rules to IA, systematic training of psychiatrists on IA assessment, mechanism improving doctor-patient relationship, and alternative mental health services for patients and so on.
Abstract Purpose To describe the clinical and imaging characteristics of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS).
Methods This study presented an observational case series involving consecutive patients diagnosed with HWWS, whose medical records were retrospectively reviewed. From June 2012 to December 2022, there were a total of 85 patients with HWWS enrolled in our study. We obtained the medical history, including demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, treatment, complications, and radiologic examinations performed. Patients > 18 years of age (n = 58) were recontacted.
Result In our analysis, 27 patients were categorised as having complete obstruction, and 58 were categorised as having incomplete obstruction. The mean age at the onset of symptoms and diagnosis of complete obstruction was significantly younger than incomplete obstruction (P < 0.05). For complete obstruction, the median time between menarche and the onset of symptoms was 2.1 years, while for incomplete obstruction, it was 5.3 years. There was a significantly lower incidence of intermittent mucopurulent discharge, irregular vaginal haemorrhage, and occasional examination findings of complete obstruction than incomplete obstruction (P < 0.05). Complete obstruction was significantly associated with dysmenorrhea and pelvic endometriosis compared with incomplete obstruction (P < 0.05).
Conclusions There are distinct clinical differences between patients with complete obstruction of the hemivagina and those with incomplete obstruction. HWWS can manifest as various combinations of uterine anomalies, communications anomalies, and renal anomalies. Early recognition and treatment can avoid complications and preserve fertility.
