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This study focuses on the different impacts of platform training and learning by doing on gig workers' platform income. Based on survey data of China's delivery riders on the platform in 2020, via quantitative methods combined with the case study, it is found that the platform training is negatively correlated with riders' incomes, while learning by doing is positively correlated with their incomes. Workers with a high level of platform-income dependence earn more than those with an average level of dependence under the same platform training, or learning by doing. Overall, the incomes of the former are significantly lower than those of the latter, where the difference is mainly due to unobservable factors. Both platform training and learning by doing significantly reduce the income gap. In addition, the instrumental variable and the propensity score matching approaches are introduced to handle the endogeneity problem, and robust results are obtained.

Purpose
This study aims to explore a new restaurant category's development from birth to maturity, thereby explaining the rationale for category innovation strategies.


Design/methodology/approach
The authors conducted a qualitative case study analysis of the New Chinese-style Fusion Restaurant category's development from birth to maturity. Thematic analysis was conducted on data collected from semi-structured interviews and textual information.


Findings
A new restaurant category's maturation is determined by the formation of society's shared knowledge about the category's crucial attributes, which is an outcome of market participants' category-related social practices. The authors develop a novel, four-stage framework for the socialized construction of this shared knowledge: a knowledge creation (KC), knowledge diffusion (KD), knowledge integration (KI) and knowledge structuralization (KS). This knowledge evolution along this KC–KD–KI–KS sequence can holistically describe the category maturation process. This framework can help understand the rationale for a restaurant category's maturation by analyzing the interrelationships among market participants' social practices, knowledge-related activities and market development.


Research limitations/implications
This study explains how market participants' knowledge-related activities facilitate a new restaurant category's maturation. This can help restaurant managers cope with increasingly homogeneous competition by applying a category-innovation strategy.


Originality/value
This study extends product categorization research on restaurants by articulating a product category's maturation process from a knowledge perspective.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anxiety plays an important role in psychology. An exploration of anxiety and its associated reactions may provide insight into measures for addressing mental health problems caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Data from this study provide potential correlational responses to anxiety. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using data collected via an online self-reported questionnaire was conducted in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6), we assessed anxiety levels and explored the relationship between anxiety STAI-6 score, sources of COVID-19 information, the influences of COVID-19, social anxiety symptoms, discrimination, and evaluation of the government. RESULTS: A total of 4,127 participants were included in the analysis. The level of anxiety was not equally distributed across the general population with respect to age, gender, educational level, occupation, income, presence of underlying disease, and location (p < 0.05). The number of sources of information on COVID-19 had a positive correlation with the STAI-6 score (Spearman's rho = 0.176, p < 0.001). The influence of the pandemic was correlated with moderate–severe anxiety. A high level of anxiety added to social anxiety (Spearman's rho = 0.04, p < 0.05) and discriminatory behavior (Spearman's rho = 0.11, p < 0.01). Being female (Estimate = 0.926) and from a non-emergency area (Estimate = −0.308) was related to higher STAI scores, and higher education (Estimate = −0.305), and income (Estimate = −0.168) decreased the STAI score. The respondents who had a lower evaluative score of the preventive activities undertaken by the national and local governments had higher STAI-6 scores. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide statistical evidence for the associated reaction of anxiety and that anxiety reactions may vary in predictable ways. Further studies should focus on the strategic interventions that may decrease the associated responses to anxiety, to address ...