Suchergebnisse

The Effect of the Arbitration Clause Incorporated in a Bill of Lading to Third Persons -- Regime Interaction and GAIRS -- Maritime Rules for Rail Carriage: China's Initiative to Incorporate Rules from the Road to the Belt -- A Critical Analysis of Carriage of Passengers by Sea: Uniformity Through International and Regional Approaches -- Occupational Hazards in the Light of the Maritime Migration Challenge -- Governance of International Shipping in the Era of Decarbonisation: New Challenges for the IMO? -- Good Faith in Maritime Law Contracts -- Legal Aspects of Green Shipping Finance: Insights from the European Investment Bank's Schemes -- When Was the Last Time You Were Restrained by a Prince? Conservatism and the Development of Maritime Law -- Private Maritime Security Companies Within the International Legal Framework for Maritime Security -- Compensation for Cargo Damage in International Maritime Transportation: Chinese Law Perspective -- Innocent Passage Under UNCLOS: An Exploration of the Tenets, Trials, and Tribulations -- What Challenges Lie Ahead for Maritime Law? -- Sanctions Compliance Risks in International Shipping: Closure of Five Crimean Ports, the Sanctions Regime in Respect of Ukraine/Russia and Related Compliance Challenges -- Shipowner's Implied Obligations in a Charterparty Relating to Lien on Cargo: English and Chinese Law Perspectives -- An Exposé of Canadian "Abandoned Vessels & Derelicts" Through a Legal Analysis of Doctrinal Silos -- Korean Collision Avoidance Rules and Apportionment of Liability -- The Application of Human Rights and Ethics Principles to Self-protection Measures by the Ship Against Pirates and Armed Robbers -- Blockchain and Bills of Lading: Legal Issues in Perspective -- Environmental Challenge in Port Development: The Legal Perspective in Cross-Disciplinary Research -- Taxation and Ship Management: A Canadian Case Study -- The Evolution of Seafarer Education and Training in International Law -- Coastal, Flag and Port State Jurisdictions: Powers and Other Considerations Under UNCLOS -- Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Port State Control -- A Century of Piracy Treaties: An Overview for the Future -- Windfall in the Law of Subrogation: Marine Insurance in Motion -- Ship Nationality, Flag States and the Eradication of Substandard Ships: A Critical Analysis -- Pedagogies and Strategies in International Maritime Business -- Cyber Risks Insurance in the Maritime Sector: Growing Pains and Legal Problems -- The Legal Concept and Significance of Clean Shipping Transport Documents -- Liability Insurer's Right to Limit Liability for Maritime Claims: English and Chinese Law Perspectives -- Shipowner Protection in the Wake of the Collapse of O.W. Bunker: The Second Circuit Approval of Interpleader Actions in Hapag-Lloyd Aktiengesellschaft v. U.S. Oil Trading LLC -- The International Legal Regime Governing Shipboard LNG -- Intelligent Ships -- The United Kingdom Tonnage Tax Regime: Compatibility with Relevant European Union Tax Law and Policy -- Advisory Jurisdiction of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea as a Full Court: Legal Basis and Limits -- Lex Maritima in a Changing World: Development and Prospect of Rules Governing Carriage of Goods by Sea.

AbstractThe use of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for various applications have grown with maturing technology and improved accessibility. The deployment of AUVs for under‐ice marine science research in the Antarctic is one such example. However, a higher risk of AUV loss is present during such endeavors due to the extremities in the Antarctic. A thorough analysis of risks is therefore crucial for formulating effective risk control policies and achieving a lower risk of loss. Existing risk analysis approaches focused predominantly on the technical aspects, as well as identifying static cause and effect relationships in the chain of events leading to AUV loss. Comparatively, the complex interrelationships between risk variables and other aspects of risk such as human errors have received much lesser attention. In this article, a systems‐based risk analysis framework facilitated by system dynamics methodology is proposed to overcome existing shortfalls. To demonstrate usefulness of the framework, it is applied on an actual AUV program to examine the occurrence of human error during Antarctic deployment. Simulation of the resultant risk model showed an overall decline in human error incident rate with the increase in experience of the AUV team. Scenario analysis based on the example provided policy recommendations in areas of training, practice runs, recruitment policy, and setting of risk tolerance level. The proposed risk analysis framework is pragmatically useful for risk analysis of future AUV programs to ensure the sustainability of operations, facilitating both better control and monitoring of risk.

AbstractWith the maturing of autonomous technology and better accessibility, there has been a growing interest in the use of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The deployment of AUVs for under‐ice marine science research in the Antarctic is one such example. However, a higher risk of AUV loss is present during such endeavors due to the extreme operating environment. To control the risk of loss, existing risk analyses approaches tend to focus more on the AUV's technical aspects and neglect the role of soft factors, such as organizational and human influences. In addition, the dynamic and complex interrelationships of risk variables are also often overlooked due to uncertainties and challenges in quantification. To overcome these shortfalls, a hybrid fuzzy system dynamics risk analysis (FuSDRA) is proposed. In the FuSDRA framework, system dynamics models the interrelationships between risk variables from different dimensions and considers the time‐dependent nature of risk while fuzzy logic accounts for uncertainties. To demonstrate its application, an example based on an actual Antarctic AUV program is presented. Focusing on funding and experience of the AUV team, simulation of the FuSDRA risk model shows a declining risk of loss from 0.293 in the early years of the Antarctic AUV program, reaching a minimum of 0.206 before increasing again in later years. Risk control policy recommendations were then derived from the analysis. The example demonstrated how FuSDRA can be applied to inform funding and risk management strategies, or broader application both within the AUV domain and on other complex technological systems.

AbstractThe use of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for various scientific, commercial, and military applications has become more common with maturing technology and improved accessibility. One relatively new development lies in the use of AUVs for under‐ice marine science research in the Antarctic. The extreme environment, ice cover, and inaccessibility as compared to open‐water missions can result in a higher risk of loss. Therefore, having an effective assessment of risks before undertaking any Antarctic under‐ice missions is crucial to ensure an AUV's survival. Existing risk assessment approaches predominantly focused on the use of historical fault log data of an AUV and elicitation of experts' opinions for probabilistic quantification. However, an AUV program in its early phases lacks historical data and any assessment of risk may be vague and ambiguous. In this article, a fuzzy‐based risk assessment framework is proposed for quantifying the risk of AUV loss under ice. The framework uses the knowledge, prior experience of available subject matter experts, and the widely used semiquantitative risk assessment matrix, albeit in a new form. A well‐developed example based on an upcoming mission by an ISE‐explorer class AUV is presented to demonstrate the application and effectiveness of the proposed framework. The example demonstrates that the proposed fuzzy‐based risk assessment framework is pragmatically useful for future under‐ice AUV deployments. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates the validity of the proposed method.