Suchergebnisse

Is Confucianism a religion? If so, why do most Chinese think it isn't? From ancient Confucian temples, to nineteenth-century archives, to the testimony of people interviewed by the author throughout China over a period of more than a decade, this book traces the birth and growth of the idea of Confucianism as a world religion. The book begins at Oxford, in the late nineteenth century, when Friedrich Max Müller and James Legge classified Confucianism as a world religion in the new discourse of ""world religions"" and the emerging discipline of comparative religion. Anna Sun shows how that decisive moment continues to influence the understanding of Confucianism in the contemporary world, not only in the West but also in China, where the politics of Confucianism has become important to the present regime in a time of transition. Contested histories of Confucianism are vital signs of social and political change.

We analyzed the effects of leadership substitute factors on job satisfaction and performance of knowledge workers, based on existing studies on substitutes for leadership. The data were collected from 130 knowledge workers in China via survey questionnaires based on a modified version
of the 41-item scale revised by Podsakoff and MacKenzie (1994), a performance scale based on the dimensions of task performance and contextual performance as classified by Motowildo, Borman, and Schmit (1997), and also used in research conducted by Sun and Jiao (2002), and the Minnesota Satisfaction
Questionnaire (Weiss, Dawis, England, & Lofquist, 1967). The findings showed that 7 of the 13 variables of the model of substitutes for leadership proposed by Kerr and Jermier (1978) had positive effects on the job satisfaction and performance of the knowledge workers who took part in
this study.

Geographically weighted regression (GWR), as a useful method for exploring spatial non-stationarity of a regression relationship, has been applied to a variety of areas. In this method a spatially varying coefficient model is locally calibrated and the spatial-variation patterns of the locally estimated regression coefficients are taken as the main evidence of spatial nonstationarity for the underlying data-generating processes. Therefore, the validity of the analysis results drawn by GWR is closely dependent on the accuracy between the underlying coefficients and their estimates. Motivated by the local polynomial-modelling technique in statistics, we propose a local linear-based GWR for the spatially varying coefficient models, in which the coefficients are locally expanded as linear functions of the spatial coordinates and then estimated by the weighted least-squares procedure. Some theoretical and numerical comparisons with GWR are conducted and the results demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly improve GWR, not only in goodness-of-fit of the whole regression function but also in reducing bias of the coefficient estimates.

AbstractBoth COVID‐19 pandemic‐related restrictions and recessionary employment loss severely impacted US food sales during 2020. This article estimates the historical relationship between food expenditures and employment at the county level. Using these estimates, we simulate the impact of the loss of employment on food sales and find that, on average, employment loss increased food‐at‐home (FAH) sales by 1.3% and decreased food‐away‐from‐home (FAFH) sales by 0.5% in 2020. We argue differences to the actual 4.8% increase in FAH sales and 19.5% decrease in FAFH sales in 2020 likely stem from the more drastic COVID‐19 pandemic‐related restrictions and behavioral changes.