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We consider an ordinal regression model with latent variables to investigate the effects of observable and latent explanatory variables on the ordinal responses of interest. Each latent variable is characterized by correlated observed variables through a confirmatory factor analysis model. We develop a Bayesian adaptive lasso procedure to conduct simultaneous estimation and variable selection. Nice features including empirical performance of the proposed methodology are demonstrated by simulation studies. The model is applied to a study on happiness and its potential determinants from the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.

AbstractSuccessful global cities present a spectrum of development strategies but share the benefit of the reciprocal dynamics between tailored education systems and matching labour markets. This paper examines burgeoning cities in China and investigates the effects of the heterogeneous educational trajectories of young migrant workers in urban China on their labour market performance. Drawing on the National Migrant Dynamics Monitoring Survey, this paper finds striking wage variations among the young migrant population. Migrant workers who attended high schools in current receiving cities earned less than their counterparts who received senior-secondary education elsewhere. Students following the academic track were better off than students following the vocational track. To further explore what has prevented the urban labour market from rewarding migrants who studied in a receiving city, where the education system is expected to better cater to the city's specific industrial needs, we tested and found evidence of the mediating effects of job industry and occupation. In addition to engaging with empirical debates in the field, this paper develops a theoretical framework to model how the qualitative attributes of an education system affect wage variations among migrant workers.

AbstractMassive commodity transactions lead to enormous virtual water and water pollution transfer; this phenomenon will be intensified within the process of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) enforcement. This study applied multi‐regional input–output and scenario simulation approach to reveal the virtual water elements flow, while exploring the trade structure optimisation roadmap for China. Results unveiled that China was a virtual water net exporter (9.17 billion tons), also the largest importer of water pollutants (N 622456 tons and P 136110 tons) among RCEP countries in 2015. In order to alleviate the water pressure in China, the textiles and other manufacturing industries should be limited, while the service industry is encouraged. Optimal scenario can realize 29.8% water conservation and 8% water pollutants reduction and also achieve a 36.5 million dollars trade volume increase. This research improves trade‐off balance between water environment and economy at multi‐regional level and accelerates green trade in economic partnerships globally.

Using the data of Chinese General Social Survey from 2010 to 2018, this study measured the modernity of Chinese peasants from four dimensions: equality and autonomy, positive attitude, general confidence, and open-mindedness. Hierarchical age–period–cohort models were introduced to assess the effect of age, period, and cohort on modernity and to further explore the heterogeneities in the effect of education and off-farm work experience on modernity among various birth cohorts. Age effects consistently show significance, with the level of individual modernity decreasing as age increases. However, the rate of decline gradually slows down. Period effects are generally significant and contribute to the advancement of modernity. Cohort effects are significant in most cohorts. The modernity of peasants born between 1941 and 1960 show a consistent decline, reaching its lowest point in the cohort 1961–1970 and then increasing steadily among those born after 1970. Possible explanations were proposed from the perspective of changes in the land property system and household registration system in China. We also found that the positive effect of education is stronger for younger cohorts, whereas the positive effect of off-farm experience is stronger for older cohorts. This study enriches Inkeles's research on individual modernization and reveals the transformation process of traditional peasants in developing countries.