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The author investigates the impact of COVID‑19 and macro-policy adjustment on China's economic development. The aim is to describe the situation and trend of China's economic development before and after COVID‑19. The research method is the comparative data analysis. The study shows that in response to COVID‑19, the Chinese government, on the one hand, has accelerated its opening-up, taken the opportunity of fighting against the pandemic to provide medical assistance to and cooperate with other countries, and actively promoted the building of a community with a shared future for mankind and the process of globalization. On the basis of the Belt and Road Initiative and multilateral, regional, and subregional cooperation mechanisms such as the United Nations, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), G20 (Group of 20), and APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), China and the Eurasian Economic Union began to cooperate more frequently and the trade relations between Japan, South Korea, and European developed countries became closer. Meanwhile, committed to building a global interconnection partnership, China actively participates in global economic governance and provides various public products. The Chinese government has proposed "Six Guarantees" on the basis of "Six Stability". In order to achieve the purpose of stabilizing foreign trade and expanding imports, China has imposed various measures to accelerate the liberalization and facilitation of international trade and investment, such as implementing the new version of the "Foreign Investment Law", establishing free trade zones, and promoting its experience and organizing international import expositions. Additionally, the Chinese government also implemented targeted fiscal and monetary policies, increased support for enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, and promoted the construction of "new infrastructure" and innovation of business model, which have formed the driving forces for the transformation of the economic development model in China from traditional business to cloud business, from traditional marketing to live streaming marketing, from traditional sales to online sales. The author concluded thatChina's adjustment of macro policies in response to COVID‑19 was effective and played an important role in the resumption of production and life, stabilizing foreign trade activities, releasing domestic demand and promoting stable and sustained growth of the economy ; Автор исследует влияние COVID-19 на экономическое развитие Китая и изменения, которые произошли в связи с этим в макрополитике. Цель исследования — описать ситуацию и тенденции экономического развития Китая до и после COVID-19. Использован метод сравнительного анализа данных. Показано, что в ответ на COVID-19 правительство Китая, с одной стороны, ускорило процесс открытости экономики, воспользовалось возможностью борьбы с пандемией для оказания медицинской помощи другим странам и расширения сотрудничества с ними, а также активно содействовало созданию сообщества с общим будущим для человечества и процессу глобализации. На основе Инициативы «Один пояс и один путь» и многосторонних, региональных и субрегиональных механизмов сотрудничества (ООН, ШОС, БРИКС, G20, АТЭС) Китай и Евразийский экономический союз стали активнее взаимодействовать, а торговые отношения между Японией, Южной Кореей и европейскими развитыми странами стали более тесными. В то же время, будучи приверженным политике создания глобального взаимосвязанного партнерства, Китай активно участвует в глобальном экономическом управлении и выступает с различными общественными инициативами. Китайское правительство на основе программы «Шесть стабилизационных мер» претворяет в жизнь политику «Шесть гарантий». Для достижения цели стабилизации внешней торговли и расширения импорта Китай ввел различные меры по либерализации и содействию международной торговле и инвестициям, такие как введение в действие новой редакции «Закона об иностранных инвестициях», создание зон свободной торговли, пропаганда своего опыта и организация международных выставок. Кроме того, китайское правительство проводит целенаправленную фискальную и денежно-кредитную политику, увеличивает поддержку предприятий, особенно малых и средних. Оказывает содействие строительству новой инфраструктуры и инновационной бизнесмодели, которые сформировали движущие силы для трансформации модели экономического развития Китая: от традиционного бизнеса — к «облачному», от традиционного маркетинга — к «потоковому маркетингу» (livestream), от традиционных продаж — к продажам онлайн. Автор делает вывод, что корректировка макроэкономической политики Китая в ответ на COVID-19 была эффективной и сыграла важную роль в возобновлении производства, стабилизации внешнеторговой деятельности, высвобождении внутреннего спроса, содействии торговле и в устойчивом росте экономики.

This book outlines the process of China's trade reforms over the past two decades and assesses the impact of these reforms on the economy. The author provides a detailed quantitative analysis to trace China's evolving commodity pattern of trade and changing comparative advantage structure over the entire reform period. Comparison is made between the trade patterns and comparative advantage to reveal the dynamic effects of the recent economic reform on resource allocation efficiency.

East Asian economies differed dramatically in their vulnerability to the financial shocks of 1997/98. In the current literature on the Asian crisis, one key factor commonly adduced to explain the uneven crises is different national approaches to liberalizing the financial market. While extant analyses have yielded important insights into the correlation between divergent liberalization patterns & uneven crises, they have failed to deal with the crucial question of why East Asian economies diverged in their respective paths to financial market liberalization. To account for differences in liberalization approaches, this article develops an institutional explanation of financial policy choices. It posits that variations in liberalization patterns stem from fundamental differences in the organizational structures of the private sector, the bureaucracy, & the party system that shape the economic interests & political behavior of social groups & state agencies in the policy-making process. In making this argument, the article focuses on Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, & Thailand -- the four major East Asian economies that pursued different liberalization strategies during the 1980s & 1990s & had contrasting performance in the recent financial crisis. It argues that cross-national differences in the above-mentioned domestic political structures within the four economies are the primary sources of their divergent liberalization approaches & outcomes, which, in turn, impacted financial stability to differing degrees & generated varying abilities to withstand external shocks. 5 Tables, 101 References. Adapted from the source document.

This article analyzes the legal status of special administrative regions in China. This type of territorial unit occupies a special place and has a specific legal status, which is especially noticeable in relations with the central authorities. The authors focus on the historical prerequisites for the formation of such a legal status and analyze the current situation. A special feature of this study is the research methodology, since a comprehensive analysis requires the use of a mixed research method. The conclusions reached by the authors can be used to formulate a new form of government.

This newly updated Water Sustainability volume of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology (ESST) takes a holistic view of full water cycle and integrates the water themes into sustainability science and technology. With the increasing pressures of population growth, water scarcity, flooding, water pollution, climate impacts and competition of water uses among municipal, agricultural, industrial sectors and ecosystem, there is a growing trend in promoting Integrated Water Management and "One Water" concept worldwide. This reference volume covers multi-disciplinary sustainability topics from the perspective of integrated water management, which includes drinking water, wastewater, stormwater, reclaimed water and groundwater. It also spans cross-cutting themes of the water-energy-food nexus, showing how all of these sectors are inextricably linked. Water Sustainability is a comprehensive resource for a broad audience of scientists and engineers, researchers and practitioners, and decision makers whose objective is to advance sustainable water management.