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Two recent studies which are part of the Dutch Research Program on the Safety and Security of Online Banking, present empirical material regarding the origin, growth and criminal capabilities of cybercriminal networks carrying out attacks on customers of financial institutions. This article extrapolates upon the analysis of Dutch cases and complements the existing picture by providing insight into 22 cybercriminal networks active in Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. The analysis regarding origin and growth shows that social ties play an important role in the majority of networks. These networks usually originate and grow either by means of social contacts alone or by the combined use of social contacts and forums (to recruit specialists). Equally, however, forums play a vital role within the majority of the networks by offering a place where co-offenders can meet, recruit and trade criminal 'services'. Moreover, those networks where origin and growth is primarily based on forums appear capable of creating more flexible forms of cooperation between key members and enablers, thereby facilitating a limited number of core members to become international players. Analysis of the capabilities of criminal networks shows that all networks are primarily targeted towards customers of financial institutions, but most networks are not restricted to one type of crime. Core members are often involved in other forms of offline and online crime. The majority of networks fall into the high-tech category of networks, mostly international, high-tech networks. These are networks with core members, enablers, and victims originating from different countries.

The role that computers and computer technology are playing in our lives is growing. Western society is digitising rapidly. This trend offers convenience, but it also has its drawbacks, because new kinds of crime have emerged with the advent of computer technology: cybercrime and digitised crime. When combined these two are known as digital crime or, in the words of the legislator, computer crime. This is what this book is about. But it is also about the social context and social mechanisms, and legislation that is being used to deal with these new kinds of crime. So this book sheds light on the subject from alternating points of view, namely from the perspectives of traditional law, sociology of law, criminology and the philosophy of law.0This book is written for master's degree law students who are interested in the effect that digitalisation has on criminal law. These would be law students with a broad interest in society, because the subject covers not only criminal law, but also sociology of law, criminology and the philosophy of law. That said, this book will also be of interest to master's degree students in social sciences who are interested in the issues related to digitisation and criminal justice (deviant behaviour and formal social control)

"This book focuses on a range of studies centrally related to crime in a digitized society, concentrating on policing and fighting crimes in a digital era. Published on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the International Police Association (IPA) Section in the Netherlands, it provides several options and recommendations for implementing strategies that will allow for the Dutch police to adapt to the quick changes in this field. The book provides an overall view of outcomes of recent cybercrime studies in the Netherlands and their implications for (inter)national police organizations. There is an increase of digital (ICT) components in traditional crimes, with hacking now being one of the top crimes in the Netherlands. Cybercrime and the Police suggests that it is wise to enhance the public/private partnership, expand international collaboration, and invest in police education."--Amazon.com

This paper addresses the importance of building knowledge on the impact of cybercrime victimization. Because the topic is understudied, it is unclear whether the impact of cybercrime differs from that of traditional crime. Our understanding of potential impact differences needs to be improved, considering that society and criminality are digitizing and, consequently, more people are likely to become victims of cybercrime. From a practical perspective, knowledge about the impact of different crimes is important to develop victim policies within law enforcement and other relevant agencies, and to treat victims appropriately. In this paper, a literature review is provided, as well as future research directions to address the current knowledge gap. The future research directions are divided in three topics: (1) distinguishing between cybercrime and traditional crime, (2) classifying cybercrime and traditional crime, and (3) measuring the victimization impact of cybercrime and traditional crime.

In this article, we study the various functions of online cybercriminal meeting places from a unique perspective: We do not take the criminal meeting place as a starting point, but the users—the criminal networks. This allows not only for a view of what is happening on online meeting places, but it also places online meeting places into perspective. Our data consisted of detailed case descriptions of 40 cybercriminal networks active in the Netherlands (18), Germany (3), the United Kingdom (9), and the United States (10). Reconstructions were made based on analysis of police files and/or interviews with case officers and public prosecutors. Online meeting places play a role in the majority of our cases: to meet co-offenders, to buy tools, or to sell data. However, from a crime script perspective, the role of forums is much more modest. Forums, for example, can be used to find suitable co-offenders, but in the majority of our cases the core members did not meet at forums. Offline meeting places still play an important role in cybercriminal networks. Furthermore, forums can be viewed as online versions of offline offender convergence settings—physical locations such as a bar—where criminals can meet, and ensure continuity and structure. However, forums might be more accessible than physical criminal meeting places. For a curious newbie, it is, for example, easier to visit all sorts of forums than it is to visit all sorts of criminal bars. Finally, our cases show that the learning function of forums should not be underestimated.